THE 


FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND 


AS  PORTRAYED  IN 


MAMJSCRIPTS,  PROVINCIAL  RECORDS  AKD 
EARLY  DOCUMENTS, 


BY 


REV.  EDWARD  D.  NEILL,  A.  B., 

u 

AUTHOR  OP  "ENGLISH  COLONIZATION  OP  AMERICA,"  "VIRGINIA  COMPANY  OP 

LONDON,"  "  TERRA  MARLE,"  "  FAIRFAXES  op  ENGLAND  AND  AMERICA," 

"HISTORY  OP  MINNESOTA,"  ETC. 


"Nec  falsa  dicere,  nee  vera  reticere." 


JOEL   MUNSELL. 

1876. 


PREFACE. 


Every  year,  the  citizens  of  ancient  Padua  crowd 
the  costly  church,  dedicated  to  their  townsman, 
the  Italian  Saint  Anthony,  and  hang  upon  its 
walls,  or  around  the  shrine,  sketches  in  oil,  or 
water  colors,  commemorative  of  important  events 
in  their  lives. 

One  of  the  many  good  results  of  the  centennial 
year  of  the  American  Eepublic,  is  the  taking  down 
from  the  garrets,  the  neglected  portraits  of  our 
forefathers,  the  removal  of  the  stains  and  dust, 
the  substitution  of  new  frames,  for  those  battered 
and  worm  eaten,  and  in  remembering  their  labors 
for  posterity. 

With  the  aid  of  manuscripts,  brought  to  light 
during  the  last  decade,  and  access  to  the  papers  of 
the  British  Record  Office,  we  can  now  portray 
more  accurately,  and  hang  in  a  better  light,  the 
FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

The  object  of  this  little  book,  is  to  state  facts, 
which  had  become  obscured  or  forgotten,  concern- 


6  PREFACE. 

ing  the  first  European  settlers  on  the  shores  of  the 
Potomac  River,  and  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Bearing  in  mind,  the  sentiment  of  Hieronymus 
in  a  letter  to  Epiphanius :  "  Malem  aliena  vere- 
cunde  dicere,  quam  jura  imprudenter  ingerere," 
I  have  recorded  facts,  gleaned  from  the  manuscript 
Provincial  Records  at  the  capital  of  Maryland,  and 
other  documents  of  the  Provincial  period,  rather 
than  obtruded  my  own  opinions. 

EDWARD  D.  NEILL. 
Macalester  College, 

near  Falls  of  Saint  Anthony, 

Minnesota. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGJB 

i  HENRY  FLEET,  EARLY  INDIAN  TRADER,    -  9 

^FLEET'S  JOURNAL  OF  A  VOYAGE  IN  SHIP  WARWICK,  19 

WILLIAM  CLAI BORNE  OF  KENT  ISLAND,  38 

-  EMBARCATION  OF  LORD  BALTIMORE'S  COLONY.  59 

>- 

£  LEONARD  CALVERT,  FIRST  GOVERNOR,      -  65 

^THOMAS  CORNWALLIS,  COMMISSIONER,  -  69 

JEROME  HAWLEY,  COMMISSIONER,     -  83 

-*EARLY  RELIGIOUS  HISTORY,  -  87 
?  CONDITION  OF  RELIGION  DURING  THE  ASCENDANCY  OF 

PARLIAMENT,  108 
'RELIGIOUS  PARTIES  FROM  THE  ACCESSION  OF  CHARLES 

THE  SECOND  TO  A.D.  1700,  141 

ADDENDA,       -        -        -        -                -        -        -  177 


FOUNDERS  OF  MAR 


THH 

UNIVERSITY 


HENRY  FLEET: 

J3EFORE  the  charter  of  Mary  land  was"; 
lish  men,  engaged  in  the  beaver  trade,  had  settled  upon 
the  isles  and  shores  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  its  tri 
butaries.  As  one  turns  over  the  pages  of  the  large 
manuscript  volumes  in  folio,  prepared  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  London  Company,  he  reads  that  on  July  21st, 
1621,  a  paper  was  read  from  Ensign  Savage,  relating 
to  the  great  trade  of  furs,  by  Frenchmen,  in  the  Great 
Bay.  The  letters  of  John  Pory,  Secretary  of  the  Vir 
ginia  Colony,  also  informed  the  Company  of  a  disco 
very,  by  him  and  others,  into  the  Great  Bay  northward, 
where  he  left  "  settled,  very  happily,  near  an  hundred 
Englishmen,  with  hope  of  a  good  trade  of  furs." 
Among  the  first  points,  occupied  by  traders,  was  the 
island  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  which  was  called 
Palmer's  Island,  after  Edward  Palmer,  a  nephew  of 
the  unfortunate  Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  poisoned  by  the 
malicious  arrangements  of  the  wanton  wife  of  the 
Earl  of  Somerset.  Camden  speaks  of  Palmer  as  a 


10  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

curious  and  diligent  antiquary,  and  the  quaint  Fuller 
writes : 

"  His  plenteous  estate  afforded  him  opportunity  to 
put  forward  the  ingenuity  implanted  by  nature,  for 
the  public  good,  resolving  to  erect  an  academy  in 
Virginia.  In  order  whereunto  he  purchased  an  island, 
called  Palmer's  Island  unto  this  day,  but  in  pursuance 
thereof  was  at  many  thousand  pounds  expense,  some 
instruments  employed  therein,  not  discharging  the 
trust  reposed  in  them  with  corresponding  fidelity."1 

Another  point,  occupied  by  the  whites  was  tho  junc 
tion  of  Potomac  Creek  with  Potomac  River,  in  what 
is  now  Strafford  County,  Virginia.  In  the  fall  of  1621 
the  ship  Warwick  and  pinnace  Tiger,  sailed  from 
the  Thames  with  supplies,  and  thirty-eight  young 
women,  selected  with  care,  as  wives  for  Virginia 
planters.  On  the  voyage,  the  Captain  of  the  Tiger 
fell  in  with  a  vessel  of  Turks,  and  was  captured,  but 
at  length,  was  rescued  by  the  coming  up  of  another 
friendly  ship,  in  company  of  which,  he  arrived  with 
the  maids,  at  Jamestown.  The  Tiger  was  then  sent 
under  Spilman,  an  experienced  trader,  with  twenty-six 
men  to  trade  for  corn  in  the  upper  Potomac,  and  they 


1  Palmer's  Island,  as  marked  upon  Augustine  Hermann's  Map  of  Vir 
ginia  and  Maryland,  published  in  1673,  which  I  have  examined  in  the 
British  Museum,  is  the  island  now  known  as  Watson's  Island,  a  few 
rods  above  the  bridge  of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore 
Railway. 


FIGHT  WITH  ANACOSTANS.  11 

erected  a  stockade  at  Potomac  Creek.  On  this  voyage, 
with  twenty-one  men,  Spilman  landed  among  the 
Anacostans,  who  lived  on  and  near  the  site  of  the  city 
of  Washington,  and  five  men  remained  on  board,  who 
were  attacked  by  the  savages,  whom  they  repulsed,  by 
the  discharge  of  cannon.  Those  on  shore  were  either 
killed  or  made  prisoners,  and  among  the  latter  was 
Henry  Fleet,  who  became  one  of  the  prominent  asso 
ciates  of  Governor  Calvert,  in  establishing  the  Province 
of  Maryland. 

After  a  capitivity  of  several  years  he  returned  to 
England,  and  magnified  the  truth  in  the  manner 
of  Hennepin  and  La  Ron  tan.  One  of  the  letter  writers 
of  that  day  says :  "  Here  is  one,  whose  name  is  Fleet, 
newly  come  from  Virginia,  who  being  lately  ransomed 
from  the  Indians,  with  whom  he  hath  long  lived,  till 
he  hath  left  his  own  language,  reporteth  that  he  hath 
oftentimes  been  within  sight  of  the  South  Seas,  that 
he  hath  seen  Indians  besprinkle  their  paintings  with 
powder  of  gold,  that  he  had  likewise  seen  rare  pre 
cious  stones  among  them,  and  plenty  of  black  fox, 
which  of  all  others  is  the  richest  fur."1 

By  his  rose-colored  representations,  he  induced  Lon 
don  merchants,  to  engage  in  the  Potomac  beaver  trade. 
In  September,  1627,  William  Cloberry  a  prominent 
London  merchant,  placed  the  Paramour,  a  vessel  of 


Mead,  in  Streeter's  Early  Maryland  Papers. 


12  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

one  hundred  tone,  in  charge  of  Fleet.1  Four  years 
later,  Fleet  is  again  in  England,  and  on  the  4th  day 
of  July,  1631,  the  ship  Warwick  with  John  Dunton  as 
Master,  and  Henry  Fleet  factor,  sailed  for  America. 
After  visiting  New  England,  the  vessel,  on  the  21st  of 
October,  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  James  River,  in 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Five  days  later,  he  reached  the 
town  of  Yowaccomoco,  where  he  had  lived  with  the 
Indians  for  several  years,  and  found  that  they,  by 
reason  of  his  absence,  had  burned  the  beaver  skins,  as 
was  their  custom.  He  then  entered  into  an  agree 
ment  that  they  should  preserve  the  furs  during  the 
winter,  and  promised  that  he  would  come  in  the  spring, 
and  give  them  merchandize  in  exchange.  Receiving 
eight  hundred  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  he  sailed  on  the 
6th  of  December,  but  owing  to  a  storm,  was  obliged 
to  anchor  in  James  River.  Fleet  writes  to  his  partners 
in  London  :  "  Divers  that  seemed  to  be  my  friends, 
advised  me  to  visit  the  Governor.2  I  showed  myself 

1  Bruce's  British  State  Papers. 

a  Governor  John  Harvey  was,  in  early  life,  a  captain  in  the  East 
Indies.  Late  in  the  year  1629,  he  succeeded  Pott,  as  Governor  of 
Virginia.  On  the  15th  of  September  1634  Lord  Baltimore  asked 
Windebank,  Secretary  of  State,  to  thank  Harvey  for  assistance  rendered 
the  Maryland  Colony.  Three  days  after  the  King's  Secretary  sent  a 
flattering  note  to  the  Governor.  On  the  16th  of  December  Harvey 
wrote  "  Desirous  to  do  Lord  Baltimore  all  the  service  he  is  able,  but 
his  power  is  not  great,  being  limited  by  his  commission,  to  the  greater 
number  of  voices  at  the  Council  table,  where  almost  all  are  against 
him,  especially  when  it  concerns  Maryland." 

In  May  1635  he  was  deposed  as  Governor  and  sent  to  England  by 


FLEET  AT  ACCOM  AC.  13 

willing,  yet  watched  an  opportunity  that  might  he 
convenient  for  my  purpose,  being  not  minded  to 
adventure  my  fortunes  at  the  disposing  of  the  Gover 
nor."  On  the  10th  of  January  he  slipped  away  from 
Point  Comfort,  and  on  the  7th  of  February,  was  trad 
ing  with  the  fishermen  of  the  New  England  coast- 
On  the  6th  of  March,  he  stopped  at  the  Isle  of  Shoals, 
near  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and  procured  pro 
visions,  for  a  return  voyage,  and  from  thence,  went  to 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

On  the  9th  of  April,  1632,  in  company  with  a  pin 
nace  of  twenty  tons,  Fleet  steered  for  Southern  waters. 
On  the  13th  of  May,  he  arrived  at  the  Accomac  settle 
ment,  of  which  Captain  William  Clayborne  was  the 
prominent  man.  After  a  visit  of  three  days,  Clayborne 
in  a  small  vessel  accompanied  him  across  the  Chesa 
peake  Bay.  Eight  days  after  this,  he  arrived  again  at 
Yowaccomoco,  and  found  that  one  Charles  Harman  l 


the  Council,  for  the  usurpation  of  power  without  respect  to  the  vote  of 
the  Council,and  for  upholding  the  Mary  landers  in  attacking  Clayborne's 
pinnace,  and  for  knocking  out  some  of  the  teeth  of  a  Capt.  Stevens 
with  a  cudgel. 

The  King  on  the  2d  of  April  1636  gave  Harvey  a  new  commission 
as  Governor,  and  on  the  18th  of  January  1637  returned  to  Jamestown 
and  resumed  his  position.  He  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  in 
November  1639,  and  died  after  much  bodily  suffering,  leaving  many 
debts. 

1  Charles  Harman  was  a  planter  of  Accomac  and  at  this  time  thirty- 
two  years  of  age.  He  came  to  Virginia  in  1622,  in  the  Ship  Further 
ance.  In  1625  his  servants  on  his  plantation  were  John  Askume  aged 
twenty-two,  and  Robert  Fennell  who  came  in  1624  in  the  ship  Charles, 


14  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

an  Indian  trader  had  already  secured  most  of  the 
beaver.  Resting  here,  he  immediately  sent  his  brother 
Edward  toward  the  Falls  of  the  Potomac,  to  secure 
furs.  On  the  26th  of  May,  he  reached  the  town  of 
Potomac,  in  what  is  now  Straffbrd  County,  Va.,  and  on 
the  1st  of  June,  sent  back  the  pinnace  of  twenty  tons, 
with  a  cargo  of  Indian  corn,  and  proceeded  to  Piscat- 
toway  the  residence  of  a  powerful  chief,  and  from 
thence,  visited  the  Anacostans,  an  adjoining  band,  who 
traded  with  the  Canada  Indians,  and  by  whom  he  had 
been  captured  several  years  before.  On  Tuesday,  the 
26th  of  June,  he  anchored  two  leagues  below  the  Falls 
of  the  Potomac,  in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  the  city 
of  Washington.  He  writes,  in  his  journal,  which  is 
still  preserved,  in  the  library  of  Lambeth  Palace  : 

"  This  place  without  all  question  is  the  most  pleasant 
and  healthful  place  in  all  this  country,  and  most  con 
venient  for  habitation,  the  air  temperate  in  summer, 
and  not  violent  in  winter.  The  27th  of  June,  I 
manned  my  shallop,  and  went  up  with  the  flood,  the 
tide  rising  four  feet,  at  this  place.  We  had  not  rowed 
above  three  miles,  but  we  might  hear  the  Falls  to  roar, 
about  six  miles  distant." 

After  trading  with  the  Indians  in  the  neighborhood, 
he  returned  to  Piscattoway,  about  fifteen  miles  below 


and  James  Knott  aged  twenty-three  who  came  in  1617  in  the  ship 
George.  Harman  at  one  time  represented  Accomac  in  the  Virginia 
Assembly. 


VISIT  TO  GOVERNOR  HARVEY.  15 

Washington,  and  on  the  28th  of  August,  met  a  boat, 
containing  John  Utie  a  Virginia  councillor,  Charles 
Harmon  a  trader,  and  six  others  who  came  to  bring 
him  before  Governor  Harvey  for  illicit  trading. 

The  Governor  was  grasping  and  unscrupulous  and 
seems  to  have  winked  at  Fleet's  irregularities.  On 
the  7th  of  September,  the  latter  anchored  at  Jamestown, 
and  writes  in  his  journal :  "  The  Governor,  bearing 
himself  like  a  noble  gentleman,  showed  me  very  much 
favor,  and  used  me  with  unexpected  courtesy.  Captain 
Utie  did  acquaint  the  Council  with  the  success  of  the 
voyage,  and  every  man  seemed  to  be  desirous  to  be  a 
partner  with  me.  *****  The  Court  was  called  the 
14th  of  September,  where  an  order  was  made,  which  I 
have  here  enclosed,  and  I  find  that  the  Governor  hath 
favored  me  therein." 

There  is  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  at  London,  a 
complaint  of  Griffith  &  Co.,  owners  of  the  ship  War 
wick,  in  which  they  state  that  three  years  before,  they 
had  sent  the  ship  to  Virginia,  for  trade  and  discovery, 
of  which  Henry  Fleet  was  factor,  with  commission  to 
return  in  a  year,  but,  that  by  authority  of  Governor 
Harvey,  Fleet  had  retained  the  vessel  and  its  profits  to 
their  great  loss.1 

Other  London  merchants  in  that  day  found  the  Vir 
ginians  slippery  fellows,  and  were  ready  to  endorse 


1  Sainsbury's  State  Papers. 


16  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  sentiments  of  the  Dutch  captain  De  Vries,  who  had 
been  a  guest  of  Governor  Harvey,  and  wrote  as  follows 
in  his  book  of  voyages  :  "  The  English  there  are  very 
hospitable,  but  they  are  not  proper  persons  to  trade 
with.  You  must  look  out  when  you  trade  with  them, 
Peter  is  always  by  Paul  or  you  will  be  stuck  in  the 
tail.  If  they  can  deceive  any  one,  they  account  it 
among  themselves  a  Roman  action.  They  say  in  their 
language, 4  He  played  him  an  English  trick.' J 

The  next  mention  of  Fleet,  is  in  connection  with  th 
settlement  of  the  Calvert  colony.  Governor  Leonard 
Calvert,  before  landing  his  company  made  a  reconuois- 
sance  of  the  Potomac,  as  far  as  Piscattoway.  The  in 
terpreter,  Father  White  says,  was  Henry  Fleet,  and 
"  one  of  the  Protestants  of  Virginia."  The  journal  of 
the  Jesuit  continued  :  "The  Governor  had  taken  with 
him,  as  a  companion  on  his  voyage,  Henry  Fleet,  a 
Captain  from  the  Virginia  colony,  a  man  especially 
acceptable  to  the  savages,  well  versed  in  their  language, 
and  acquainted  with  the  country.  This  man  was  at 
first,  very  intimate  with  us,  afterwards,  being  misled  by 
the  evil  counsels  of  one  Clayborne,  he  became  very 
hostile  to  us,  and  excited  the  natives  to  anger  against 
us,  by  all  the  means  in  his  power. 

"  In  the  meantime,  however,  while  he  was  still  on 
friendly  terms  with  us,  he  pointed  out  to  the  Governor, 
a  spot  so  charming  in  its  situation,  that  Europe  can 
scarcely  show  one  to  surpass  it."  Thus  Fleet's  old 


FLEET'S  TRADING  POST.  17 

trading  post,  Yowaccomoco,  was  transformed  into  the 
town  of  Saint  Mary,  and  Leonard  Calvert  and  Ins  asso 
ciates  began  there  to  build  a  rival  commonwealth  to 
Virginia. 

A  few  weeks  after  the  Calvert  colonists  landed,  on 
May  9, 1634,  there  were  assigned  to  Fleet,  two  thousand 
acres  on  St.  George  River,  St.  George's  Hundred, 
which  was  subsequently  known  as  the  Manor  of  West 
Saint  Mary. 

In  the  legislature  of  1638,  the  first  Assembly  in 
Maryland,  whose  records  have  been  preserved,  were 
Henry  Fleet  and  his  brothers  Edward,  John,  and  Rey 
nold,  and  011  the  21st  of  the  next  February  another 
legislature  was  called  by  the  Governor,  to  assemble  u  at 
the  house,  where  Captain  Fleets  lately  dwelt." 

After  the  civil  war  in  England  began,  Fleet  identi 
fied  himself  with  Virginia,  and  by  its  legislature  on 
April  5th,  1645,  Captain  Fleet  was  authorized  "  as  a 
n't  person  acquainted  with  the  language  of  the  Indians, 
and  accustomed  to  intercourse  with  them,  to  trade  with 
the  Rappahannocks,  or  any  Indians,  not  in  amity  with 
Opechancanough."  The  next  year,  he  was  appointed 
to  organize  an  expedition  against  the  Indians,  and  build 
a  fort,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rappahannoc  river.  In  De 
cember,  1652,  he  sat  as  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
legislature,  from  Lancaster  County,  and  with  his  old 
rival  William  Clayborne  was  authorized  "  to  discover 
and  enjoy  such  benefits  and  trades,  for  fourteen  years, 


18  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

as  they  shall  find  out  in  places  where  no  English  have 
ever  been  and  discovered,  nor  have  had  particular 
trade,  and  to  take  up  such  lands,  by  patents,  proving 
their  rights,  as  they  shall  think  good." 

In  1654,  he  is  last  mentioned,  as  an  interpreter  to  a 
proposed  expedition  against  the  Indians.  Upon  the 
Coast  Survey  Map  of  the  Potomac,  in  the  Report  of 
1860,  Fleet's  Point  appears  between  the  37th  and  38th 
degrees  of  latitude,  and  here  perhaps,  the  old  and  hardy 
pioneer  may  have  last  lived. 


A  BRIEF  JOURNAL 

OF  A  VOYAGE  MADE  IN  THE  BARK  VIRGINIA,  TO  VIRGINIA 
AND  OTHER  PARTS  OF  THE  CONTINENT  OF  AMERICA. 


1.N  the  library  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  a 
Lambeth,  is  a  manuscript  journal  with  the  above  title, 
writen  by  Capt.  Henry  Fleet.  In  1664  it  belonged  to 
William  Griffith  A.M.,  who  was,  probably,  the  son  of 
Henry  Griffith,  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Warwick,  and 
may  have  been  the  Oxford  graduate,  who  was  Chan 
cellor  of  dioceses  of  St.  Asaph  and  Bangor.  In  pre 
senting  the  journal  to  American  readers,  bad  and 
obsolete  spellings  have  been  corrected,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  those  of  proper  names. 

JOURNAL. 

"  The  4th  of  July  1631,  we  weighed  anchor  from 
the  Downs,  and  sailed  for  New  England,  where  we 
arrived  in  the  harbor  of  Pascattouaie,  the  9th  of 
September,  making  some  stay  upon  the  coast  of  New 
England.  From  thence,  on  Monday  the  19th  of  Sep 
tember,  we  sailed  directly  for  Virginia,  where  we  came 
to  anchor  in  the  bay  there,  the  21st  of  October,  but 
made  little  stay.  From  thence  we  set  sail  for  the  river 
of  Potomack,  where  we  arrived  the  26th  of  October  at 


20  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

an  Indian  town  called  Yowaccomoco,  being  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  where  I  found  that,  by  reason  of 
my  absence,  the  Indians  had  not  preserved  their  beaver, 
but  burned  it,  as  the  custom  is,  whereupon  I  endea 
voured  by  persuasion  to  alter  that  custom,  and  to  pre 
serve  it  for  me  against  the  next  spring,  promising  to 
come  there  with  commodities  in  exchange  by  the  first 
of  April.  Here  I  was  tempted  to  run  up  the  river  to 
the  heads,  there  to  trade  with  a  strange  populous 
nation,  called  Mowhaks,1  man-eaters,  but  after  good 
deliberation,  I  conceived  many  inconveniences  that 
might  fall  out.  First,  I  considered  that  I  was  engaged 
to  pay  a  quantity  of  Indian  corn  in  ~New  England,  the 
neglect  whereof  might  be  prejudicial  both  to  them 
that  should  have  it,  and  to  me  that  promised  payment. 
And  when  I  observed  that  winter  was  very  forward, 
and  that  if  I  should  proceed  and  be  frozen  in,  it  might 
be  a  great  hindrance  to  my  proceedings  ;  therefore  I 
did  forbear,  and  making  all  the  convenient  haste  I 
could,  I  took  into  the  barque  her  lading  of  Indian  corn 
as  I  supposed,  being  persuaded  and  overruled  by  John 
Dunton,  whom  I  entertained  as  master.  But  upon  the 
delivery  of  our  lading  found  not  above  800  bushels  to 
our  great  hindrance. 

"  The  6th  of  December  we  weighed  anchor,  shaping 
our  course  directly  for  New  England,   but  the  wind 

1  The  Maquas,  Mawhawks,  Mowliaks,  or  Mohawks  were  then  a 
fierce  tribe  west  and  south  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  but  Fleet  exaggerates  in 
calling  them,  man-eaters. 


CORN  FOR  NEW  ENGLAND.  "2] 

being  contrary,  ending  with  a  fearful  storm,  we  were 
forced  into  the  inhabited  river  of  James  Town.  There 
were  divers  envious  people,  who  would  have  executed 
their  malice  upon  us  had  it  not  been  for  a  rumour  of 
a  commission  they  supposed  I  had,  which  I  took  great 
pains  to  procure,  but  (time  being  precious  and  my 
charge  great)  I  came  away  only  with  the  copy.  Divers 
that  seemed  to  be  my  friends  advised  me  to  visit  the 
Governor.  I  showed  myself  willing,  yet  watched  an 
opportunity  that  might  be  convenient  for  my  purpose, 
being  not  minded  to  adventure  my  fortunes  at  the 
disposing  of  the  Governor. 

"  Then  we  did  a  little  replenish  our  provisions.  But 
at  this  time  I  was  much  troubled  with  the  seamen, 
all  of  them  resolving  not  to  stir  until  the  spring,  alleg 
ing  that  it  was  impossible  to  gain  a  passage  in  winter, 
and  that  the  load  being  corn,  was  the  more  dangerous. 
But  the  master  and  his  mate,  who  were  engaged  for 
the  delivery  of  the  corn,  laboured  to  persuade  and  en 
courage  them  to  proceed,  showing  that  it  would  be 
for  their  benefit ;  so  that,  with  threats  and  fair  persua 
sions,  at  last  I  prevailed. 

a  On  Tuesday,  the  10th  of  January,  we  set  sail  from 
Point  Comfort  and  arrived  at  Pascattoway,  in  New 
England,  on  Tuesday  the  7th  of  February,  where  we 
delivered  our  corn,  the  quantity  being  700  bushels. 

u  On  Tuesday,  the  16th  of  March,  we  weighed 
anchor  arid  sailed  to  the  Isle  of  Shoals,  where  we  fur- 


22     THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

nisbed  ourselves  with  provisions  of  victual.  Sunday, 
the  lltlf  of  March,  we  sailed  for  the  Massachusetts 
Bay,  and  arrived  there  on  the  19th  day.  I  wanted 
commodities  to  trade  with  the  Indians,  and  here  1 
endeavoured  to  fit  myself  if  I  could.  I  did  obtain  some, 
but  it  proved  of  little  value,  and  was  the  overthrow  of 
my  voyage. 

"From  the  Massachusetts,  was  sent  with  me  a  small 
pinnace  of  the  burthen  of  twenty  tons,  the  which  I 
was  to  freight  with  Indian  corn  for  trucking  stuff,  which 
proved  to  me  like  that  I  had  before  from  the  Bay,  and 
Pascattoway,  from  whence  I  had  some  likewise.  Yet 
this  was  not  the  greatest  wrong  I  received  by  this 
barque,  as  shall  hereafter  be  related. 

"  On  Monday,  the  9th  of  April,  1632,  we  both  weighed 
anchor,  and  shaped  our  course  for  Virginia,  but  the 
sixth  day  being  stormy  weather  we  lost  our  pinnace. 
Contrary  winds  and  gusty  weather,  with  the  insuffi 
ciency  of  the  master,  made  our  return  to  Virginia 
tedious,  to  the  overthrow  of  the  voyage.  But  it  so 
pleased  God  that  we  anchored  against  the  English 
colony  the  13th  of  May,  when,  for  want  of  wind,  being 
a  flat  calm,  we  came  to  an  anchor  at  Acomack.  Hav 
ing  some  English  commodities  I  sold  them  for  tobacco. 
Wednesday,  the  16th  of  May,  we  shaped  our  course 
for  the  river  of  Patomack,  with  the  company  of  Cap 
tain  Claybourne,  being  in  a  small  vessel.  By  the 
relation  of  him  and  others  of  the  plantation  of  Aco- 


CHARLES  HARMAN,  TRADER.  23 

mack,  the  Governor  of  Virginia  was  much  displeased 
with  me,  unto  whom  complaints  had  been  made  by 
divers  of  the  country,  and  it  had  been  discovered  by 
one  of  my  company  that  was  run  away,  how  that  I 
had  but  the  copy  of  my  commission.  Friday,  the  17th 
of  May,  we  might  discern  a  sail  making  toward  us 
about  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  She  came  up  to  us, 
and  we  found  that  it  was  the  pinnace  that  came  out 
with  us,  which  having  had  a  short  passage,  had  been 
up  the  river  of  Patomack,  at  Yowocomaco,  an  Indian 
town,  where  she  had  stayed  three  weeks,  and  then  I 
was  certified,  that  he  who  had  usually  been  in  those 
parts  with  me,  after  my  last  departure,  came  there  and 
went  up  the  river  to  truck,  where  he  found  good  store 
of  beaver,  and  being  furnished  with  commodities  such 
as  Virginia  affords,  did  beat  about  from  town  to 
town  for  beaver,  but  prevailed  not.  And  in  the  end, 
coming  where  my  barque  had  been,  that  town  having 
300  weight  of  beaver,  he  then  reported  that  I  was 
dead,  they  supposing  his  vessel  to  be  the  same  that  I 
was  to  come  in,  desired  them  to  bring  me  dead  or 
alive,  and  this  report  caused  some  distraction  for  the 
present,  who  supposed  that  by  reason  of  my  long  ab 
sence,  past  my  appointed  time,  some  mischance  had 
befallen  me.  And  the  Indians  there  disposed  of  their 
beaver  to  Charles  Harman,  being  300  weight,  who 
departed  but  three  days  before  I  came  there. 

"  This  relation  did  much  trouble  me,  fearing  (having 


24  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

contrary  winds)  that  the  Indians  might  be  persuaded 
to  dispose  of  all  their  beaver  before  they  could  have 
notice  of  my  being  in  safety,  they  themselves  having 
no  use  at  all  for  it,  being  not  accustomed  to  take  pains 
to  dress  it  and  make  coats  of  it.  Monday,  the  21st  of 
May,  we  cume  to  an  anchor  at  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
where  hastening  ashore,  I  sent  two  Indians,  in  company 
with  my  brother  Edward,  to  the  Emperor,  being  three 
days'  journey  towards  the  Falls.  And  so  sailing  to 
the  other  side  of  the  river,  I  sent  two  Indians  more, 
giving  express  order  to  all  of  them  not  to  miss  an  In 
dian  town  and  to  certify  them  of  my  arrival.  But  it 
so  happened  that  he  (Harmau)  had  cleared  both  sides 
of  the  river,  so  far  as  the  Emperor's  where  these  In 
dians,  when  they  came,  certified  him  of  my  being  well, 
and  of  my  brother's  being  there,  so  that  afterwards  he 
could  not  get  a  skin,  but  he  made  a  very  hand  of  it, 
and  an  unexpected  trade  for  the  time,  at  a  small  charge, 
having  gotten  1500  weight  of  beaver,  and  cleared 
fourteen  towns.  There  were  yet  three  that  were  at 
the  disposing  of  the  Emperor,  so  the  barque  and  my 
self  passing  by  divers  towns,  came  to  the  town  of  Pato- 
mack  on  Saturday,  the  26th  of  May.1  There  I  gave 
the  pinnace  her  lading  of  Indian  corn,  and  sent  her 
away  the  1st  of  June,  with  letters  from  our  company 
to  their  friends  in  London,  and  elsewhere  in  England, 
which  were  safely  conveyed  from^ew  England.  The 


1  Potomac  town  supposed  to  be  at  the  mouth  of  Potomac  Creek  in 
Virginia. 


MASSOMACK  INDIANS.  25 

same  day,  with  a  north-west  wind  (Charles  Harraan 
staying  no  longer),  we  set  sail,  and  the  third  we  arrived 
at  the  Emperor's,  but  before  we  could  come  to  the  town 
he  was  paddled  aboard,  by  a  petty  king,  in  a  canoe. 

When  he  came  he  used  divers  speeches,  and  alleged 
many  circumstances  for  the  excuse  of  the  beaver  which 
Charles  Harman  had  of  his  men  in  that  river,  and  after 
compliments  used,  he  presented  me  with  one  hundred 
and  fourteen  beaver  skins,  which  put  me  into  a  little 
comfort  after  so  much  ill  success.  Yet  this  was  noth 
ing,  in  regard  to  the  great  change  at  his  town,  and  at 
a  little  town  by  him  called  the  Nacostines,  where  I  had 
almost  800  weight  of  beaver.  There  is  but  little 
friendship  between  the  Emperor,  and  the  Nacostines,1 
he  being  fearful  to  punish  them,  because  they  are  pro 
tected  by  the  Massomacks  or  Cannyda  Indians,  who 
have  used  to  convey  all  such  English  truck  as  cometh 
into  the  river  to  the  Massomacks. 

"  The  Nacostines  before,  here  occasioned  the  kill 
ing  of  twenty  men  of  our  English,  myself  then  being 

taken  prisoner  and  detained  five  years,  which  was  in 
the  time  of  Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  he  being  the  Governor 
of  Virginia.2  The  13th  of  June  I  had  some  conference 
with  an  interpreter  of  Massomack3  and  of  divers  other 

1  The  Nacostines  or  Anacostans  lived  near  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Washington.  The  suburb  opposite  the  Navy  Yard  is  now  called 
Anacostia,  and  Mason's  Island  is  often  called  Analostan. 

a  See  page  11. 

3  Daniel  Gookin,  formerly  of  Virginia  and  a  friend  of  the  Massachu 
setts  Indian  missionary,  John  Eliot,  in  a  History  of  the  Indians  in  New 
4 


26  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Indians  that  had  been  lately  with  them,  whose  rela 
tion  was  very  strange  in  regard  of  the  abundance  of 
people  there,  compared  to  all  the  other  poor  number 
of  natives  which  are  in  Patomack  and  places  adjacent, 
where  are  not  above  five  thousand  persons,  and  also 
of  the  infinite  store  of  beaver  they  use  in  coats. 
Divers  were  the  imaginations  that  I  did  conceive  about 
this  discovery,  and  understanding  that  the  river  was 
not  for  shipping,  where  the  people  were,  not  yet  for 
boats  to  pass,  but  for  canoes  only.  I  found  all  my 
neighbor  Indians  to  be  against  my  design,  the  Pascat- 
towies  having  had  a  great  slaughter  formerly  by  them 
to  the  number  of  one  thousand,  persons  in  my  time. 
They  coming  in  their  birchen  canoes  did  seek  to 
withdraw  me  from  having  any  commerce  with  the 
other  Indians,  and  the  Nacostines  were  earnest  in  the 
matter,  because  they  knew  that  our  trade  might  hinder 
their  benefit.  Yet  I  endeavored  to  prosecute  my  trade 
with  them  nevertheless,  and  therefore  made  choice 
of  two  trusty  Indians  to  be  sent  along  with  my  brother, 
who  could  travel  well. 


England,  writes :  "  There  is  a  numerous  race  of  Indians  that  live  upon 
a  great  lake  or  sea.  Some  report  it  to  be  salt  water,  while  others  fresh. 
*  *  *  *  This  people  I  conceive  to  be  the  same  that  Capt.  Smith  in  his 
History  of  Virginia  doth  in  several  places  call  Massawomeks.  *  *  * 
Now  the  place  where  he  met  with  and  heard  of  this  great  people  of 
Massawomeks  was  at  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  or  Gulf,  which 
lieth  in  the  latitude  of  40  degrees,  nearest ;  and  he  saith,  they  had  re 
course  thither  from  the  lakes  or  seas  where  they  lived,  in  canoes  of 
bark  of  trees." 


FISH  AND  GAME.  27 

"  I  find  the  Indians  of  that  populous  place  are 
governed  by  four  kings,  whose  towns  are  of  several 
names,  Tonhoga,1  Mostieum,  Shaunetowa,2and  Ussera- 
hak,3  reported  above  thirty  thousand  persons,  and  that 
they  have  palisades  about  the  towns  made  with  great 
trees,  and  with  scaffolds  upon  the  walls.  Unto  these 
four  kings,  I  sent  four  presents  in  beads,  bells,  hatchets, 
knives,  and  coats,  to  the  value  of  £8  sterling. 

"  The  14th  of  June  they  set  forth,  and  I  entreated 
them  to  bring  these  Indians  down  to  the  water  to  the 
Falls,  where  they  should  find  me  with  the  ship.  On 
Monday,  the  25th  of  June,  we  set  sail  for  the  town  of 
Tohoga,  when  we  came  to  an  anchor  two  leagues 
short  of  the  Falls,4  being  in  the  latitude  of  41,  on  the 
26th  of  June.  This  place  without  all  question  is  the 
most  pleasant  and  healthful  place  in  all  this  country, 
and  most  convenient  for  habitation,  the  air  temper 
ate  in  summer  and  not  violent  in  winter.  It  aboundeth 
with  all  manner  of  fish.  The  Indians  in  one  night 
commonly  will  catch  thirty  sturgeons  in  a  place  where 
the  river  is  not  above  twelve  fathom  broad.  And  as 
for  deer,  buffaloes,  bears,  turkeys,  the  woods  do  swarm 
with  them,  and  the  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  but 
above  this  place  the  country  is  rocky  and  mountainous 
like  Cannida. 

1  Tohogas  or  Tiogas  ? 

2  Shawnees  ? 

s  Outouacs  or  Ottowas  ? 

4  Nine  miles  above  Washington. 


28  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

"The  27th  of  June  I  manned  my  shallop,  and  went 
up  with  the  flood,  the  tide  rising  about  four  feet  in 
height  at  this  place.  We  had  not  rowed  above  three 
miles,  but  we  might  hear  the  Falb  to  roar  about  six 
miles  distant,  by  which  it  appears  that  the  river  is 
separated  with  rocks,  but  only  in  that  one  place,  for 
beyond  is  a  fair  river.  The  3d  of  July,  my  brother, 
with  the  two  Indians,  came  thither,  in  which  journey 
they  were  seven  days  going,  and  five  days  coming  back 
to  this  place.  They  all  did  affirm  that  in  one  palisado, 
and  that  being  the  last  of  thirty,  there  were  three 
hundred  houses,  and  in  every  house  forty  skins  at 
least,  in  bundles  and  piles.  To  this  king  was  delivered 
the  four  presents,  who  dispersed  them  to  the  rest.  The 
entertainment  they  had  I  omit  as  tedious  to  relate. 
There  came  with  them,  one-half  of  the  way,  one  hun 
dred  and  ten  Indians,  laden  with  beaver,  which  could 
not  be  less  than  4000  weight.  These  Indians  were 
made  choice  of  by  the  whole  nation,  to  see  what  we 
were,  what  was  our  intent,  and  whether  friends  or 
foes,  and  what  commodities  we  had,  but  they  were  met 
with  by  the  way  by  the  Nacostines,  who  told  them  we 
purposed  to  destroy  those  that  came  in  our  way,  in 
revenge  of  the  Pascattowaies,  being  hired  to  do  so  for 
114  skins,  which  were  delivered  aforesaid,  for  a  present, 
as  a  preparative. 

"  But  see  the  inventions  of  devils ;  the  life  of  my 
brother,  by  this  tale  of  the  Nacostines,  was  much  en- 


FLEET'S  BROTHER  RETURNS  29 

dangered.  The  next  morning  I  went  to  the  Nacostines 
to  know  the  reason  of  this  business,  who  answered, 
they  did  know  no  otherwise,  but  that  if  I  would 
make  a  firm  league  with  them,  and  give  their  king  a 
a  present,  then  they  would  undertake  to  bring  those 
other  Indians  down.  The  refusal  of  this  offer,  was  the 
greatest  folly  that  I  have  ever  committed,  in  mine 
opinion. 

"The  10th  of  July,  about  one  o'clock  we  discerned 
an  Indian  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  who  with  a 
shrill  sound,  cried,  4  Quo !  Quo!  Quo!'  holding  up 
a  beaver  skin  upon  a  pole.  I  went  ashore  to  him,  who 
then  gave  me  the  beaver  skin,  with  his  hatchet,  and 
laid  down  his  head  with  a  strange  kind  of  behavior, 
using  some  few  words,  which  I  learned,  but  to  me  it 
was  a  foreign  language.  I  cheered  him,  tgld  him  he 
was  a  good  man,  and  clapped  him  on  the  breast  with 
rny  hands.  Whereupon  he  started  up,  and  used  some 
complimental  speech,  leaving  his  things  with  me  ran 
up  the  hill. 

"Within  the  space  of  half  an  hour,  he  returned, 
with  five  more,  one  being  a  woman,  and  an  interpreter, 
at  which  1  rejoiced,  and  so  I  expressed  myself  to  them, 
showing  them  courtesies.  These  were  laden  with 
beaver,  and  came  from  a  town  called  Usserahak,  where 
were  seven  thousand  Indians.  I  carried  these  Indians 
aboard,  and  traded  with  them  for  their  skins.  They 
drew  a  plot  of  their  country,  and  told  me  there  came 


30  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

with  them  sixty  canoes,  but  were  interrupted  by  the 
Nacostines,  who  always  do  wait  for  them,  and  were 
hindered  by  them.  Yet  these,  it  would  seem,  were 
resolute,  not  fearing  death,  and  would  adventure  to 
come  down.  These  promised,  if  I  would  show  them  my 
truck,  to  get  great  store  of  canoes  to  come  down  with 
one  thousand  Indians  that  should  trade  with  me.  I 
had  but  little,  not  worth  above  one  hundred  pound 
sterling,  and  such  as  was  not  fit  for  these  Indians  to 
trade  with,  who  delight  in  hatchets,  and  knives  of 
large  size,  broad-cloth,  and  coats,  shirts,  and  Scottish 
stockings.  The  women  desire  bells,  and  some  kind 
of  beads. 

"  The  llth  of  July  there  came  from  another  place 
seven  lusty  men,  with  strange  attire;  they  had  red 
fringe,  and  two  of  them  had  beaver  coats,  which  they 
gave  me.  Their  language  was  haughty,  and  they 
seemed  to  ask  me  what  I  did  there,  and  demanded  to 
see  my  truck,  which,  upon  view,  they  scorned.  They 
had  two  axes,  such  as  Captain  Kirk  traded  in  Cannida, 
which  he  bought  at  Whits  of  Wapping,  and  there  I 
bought  mine,  and  think  I  had  as  good  as  he.  But 
these  Indians,  after  they  came  aboard,  seemed  to  be 
fair  conditioned,  and  one  of  them,  taking  a  piece  of 
chalk,  made  a  plain  demonstration  of  their  country, 
which  was  nothing  different  from  the  former  plot  drawn 
by  the  other  Indians.  These  called  themselves  Mosti- 
kuins,  but  afterwards  I  found  they  were  of  a  people 


CANNIBALISM  OF  NATIVES.  31 

three  days'  journey  from  these,  and  were  called  Herec- 
keenes,1  who,  with  their  own  beaver,  and  what  they  get 
of  those  that  do  adjoin  upon  them,  do  drive  a  trade  in 
Can nida,  at  the  plan  tation ,  which  is  fifteen  days' journey 
from  this  place.  These  people  delight  not  in  toys,  but 
in  useful  commodities. 

"  There  was  one  William  Elderton  very  desirous  to 
go  with  them,  but  being  cannibals  I  advised  him  rather 
to  go  with  the  others,  whither  I  had  sent  a  present, 
telling  him  they  had  no  good  intentions,  yet  upon  his 
earnest  entreaty,  though  unwilling,  I  licensed  him  to 
proceed,  and  sent  a  present  with  him  to  their  king, 
one  of  them  affirming  that  they  were  a  people  of  one 
of  the  four  aforenamed  nations.  But  I  advised  my 
man  to  carry  no  truck  along,  lest  it  might  be  a  means 
to  endanger  his  life.  Nevertheless,  as  I  was  after 
wards  informed,  he  carried  a  coat,  and  other  things  to 
the  value  of  ten  shillings  more,  and  on  the  14th  of 
July  departed. 

"  The  15th  of  July  the  Indians  were  returned  with 
the  interpreter,  according  to  promise,  and,  being  come, 
looked  about  for  William  our  interpreter,  to  whom  I 
made  relation  whither  he  was  gone,  and  they  seemed 
to  lament  for  him,  as  if  he  were  lost,  saying,  that  the 
men  with  whom  he  went  would  eat  him,  that  these 
people  were  not  their  friends,  but  that  they  were  Here- 
cheenes.  At  the  departure  of  these  Indians,  they  told 

1  Iroquois  ? 


32  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

me  that  two  hundred  Indians  were  come  to  the  place 
from  whence  they  came  with  store  of  English  truck  to 
trade  for  beaver,  and  told  us  they  had  a  purpose  to 
come  down  and  visit  us,  and  take  a  view  of  our  com 
modities,  and  they  inquired  after  divers  kinds  of  com 
modities,  of  which  I  had  some  very  good,  part  of 
which  I  gave  them,  and  sent  them  away,  desiring  them 
to  follow  after  the  other  Indians,  and  to  get  away  my 
man.  All  this  time  did  my  truck  spend  not  so  much 
upon  beaver  as  upon  victuals,  having  nothing  but 
what  we  bought  of  the  Indians,  of  whom  we  had  fish, 
beans,  and  boiled  corn.  The  seamen,  nevertheless, 
hoped  to  sell  away  all  their  clothes  for  beaver. 

"  The  18th  of  July  I  went  to  the  Pascattowaies,  and 
there  excused  myself  for  trading  with  those  that  were 
enemies,  and  from  thence  I  hired  sixteen  Indians,  and 
brought  them  to  the  ship,  and  made  one  of  them  my 
merchant,  and  delivered  to  them,  equally  divided,  the 
best  part  of  my  truck,  which  they  carried  up  for  me, 
to  trade  with  their  countrymen  ;  and  I  gave  charge  to 
the  factor  to  find  out  my  man,  and  to  bring  him  along 
with  them  when  they  came  back. 

"  The  7th  of  August  these  Indians  returned,  and  the 
Tohogaes  sent  me  eighty  skins  with  the  truck  again, 
who  showed  these  Indians  great  packs  of  beaver,  say 
ing  there  were  nine  hundred  of  them  coming  down  by 
winter,  after  they  had  received  assurance  of  our  love 
by  the  Usserahaks,  although  the  Nacostines  had  much 


BEAVER  TRADE.  33 

labored  the  contrary.  And  yet  they  were  all  at  a 
stand  for  a  time,  by  reason  of  two  rumors  that  had 
raised,  the  one,  that  I  had  no  good  truck,  neither  for 
quantity,  nor  for  quality ;  the  other  that  one  of  our 
men  was  slain  by  the  Hirechenes,  three  days'  journey 
beyond  them,  and  that  they  had  beguiled  us  with  the 
name  of  Mosticums,  one  of  their  confederate  nations. 
Nevertheless,  they  being  desirous  to  have  some  trial  of 
us,  had  sent  us  these  skins,  minding  to  have  an  answer 
whether  we  would  be  so  satisfied  of  this  deceit  or  no> 
and  that  they  would  come  all  four  nations  and  trade 
with  us  upon  their  guard. 

u  I  liked  this  motion  very  well,  but  was  unwilling 
to  protract  time,  because  I  had  but  little  victuals,  and 
small  store  of  trucking  stuff,  and  therefore  I  sailed 
down  to  Pascattowie,  and  so  to  a  town  on  this  side  of 
it  called  Moyumpse.  Here  came  three  cannibals  of 
Usserahak,  Tohoga,  and  Mosticum  ;  these  used  many 
complimenting  speeches  and  rude  orations,  showing 
that  they  desired  us  to  stay  fifteen  days,  and  they 
would  come  with  a  great  number  of  people  that  should 
trade  with  us  as  formerly  they  had  spoken.  I  gave 
them  all  courteous  entertainment,  and  so  sent  them 
back  again. 

"  At  this  time  I  had  certain  news  of  a  small  pinnace 
with  eight  men,  that  made  inquiry  in  all  places  for  me, 
with  whom  was  Charles  Harman.1  The  Indians  would 


1  See  page  13. 


34  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

willingly  have  put  them  by  from  me,  or  I  could  have 
shifted  them  in  the  night,  or  taken  them,  as  I  pleased  ; 
but,  knowing  my  designs  to  be  fair  and  honest,  I  feared 
nothing  that  mi<rht  happen  by  this  means.  And  now, 
after  much  toil  and  some  misery,  I  was  desirous  of 
variety  of  company. 

"  The  28th  of  August,  in  the  morning,  I  discerned 
the  barque,  and  having  the  shallop  which  I  built 
amongst  the  Indians,  I  manned  her  with  ten  men  and 
all  manner  of  munition,  with  a  full  resolution  to  (dis 
cover)  what  they  were,  and  what  were  their  intentions. 
Being  come  near  them,  I  judged  what  they  were  and 
went  aboard,  where  I  found  Captain  John  Uty,  one 
of  the  Council  of  Virginia.1  In  which  barque  I  stayed 
with  them  by  the  space  of  two  hours,  arid  then  invited 
them  aboard  my  ship,  where,  being  entered  into  my 
cabin,  after  a  civil  pause,  this  salutation  was  used : — 

"  Captain  Fleet,  I  am  sorry  to  bring  ill  news,  and  to 
trouble  you  in  these  courses,  being  so  good  ;  but  as  I 
am  an  instrument,  so  I  pray  you  to  excuse  me,  for,  in 
the  King's  name  I  arrest  you,  your  ship,  and  goods, 
and  likewise  your  company,  to  answer  such  things  as 
the  Governor  and  Council  shall  object." 

I  obeyed  ;  yet  I  conceived  that  I  might  use  my  own 
discretion,  and  most  of  his  company  being  servants, 
and  ill-used,  were  willing  to  have  followed  me,  yea, 
though  it  had  been  to  have  gone  for  England. 

1  See  notice  of  Utie  on  page  48. 


FLEET'S  ARREST.  35 

"  The  119th  of  August  we  came  to  Patomack  ;  here 
was  I  tempted  to  take  in  corn,  and  then  to  proceed 
for  New  England ;  but  wanting  truck,  and  having 
much  tobacco  due  to  me  in  Virginia,  I  was  unwilling 
to  take  any  irregular  course,  especially  in  that  I  con 
ceived  all  my  hopes  and  future  fortunes  depended  upon 
the  trade  and  traffic  that  was  to  be  had  out  of  this 
river. 

"  I  took  in  some  provisions,  and  came  down  to  a 
town  called  Patobanos,1  where  I  found  that  all  the  In 
dians  below  the  cannibals,  which  are  in  number  five 
thousand  persons  in  the  river  of  Patomack,  will  take 
pains  this  winter  in  the  killing  of  beavers  and  preserve 
the  furs  for  me  now  that  they  begin  to  find  what  benefit 
may  accrue  to  them  thereby.  By  this  means  I  shall 
have  in  readiness  at  least  five  or  six  thousand  weight 
against  my  next  coming  to  trade  there.  Thursday, 
the  6th  of  September  1632,  we  came  to  the  river  of 
James  Town,  and  on  the  7th  day  anchored  at  James 
Town,  and  I  went  ashore  the  same  night. 

"  The  Governor,  bearing  himself  like  a  noble  gen 
tleman,  showed  me  very  much  favor,  and  used  me  with 
unexpected  courtesy.  Captain  Utye  did  acquaint  the 
Council  with  the  success  of  the  voyage,  and  every  man 
seemed  to  be  desirous  to  be  a  partner  with  me  in  these 
employments.  I  made  as  fair  weather  as  might  be 
with  them,  to  the  end  I  might  know  what  would  be 


Also  called  Potopaco  and  Potobatto,  now  Port  Tobacco. 


36  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  business  in  question  and  what  they  would  or  could 
object,  that  I  might  see  what  issue  it  would  come  to. 

"  The  Court  was  called  the  14th  of  September, 
where  an  order  was  made,  which  I  have  here  enclosed, 
and  I  find  that  the  Governor  hath  favored  me  therein. 
After  this  day,  I  had  free  power  to  dispose  of  myself. 
Whereupon  I  took  into  consideration  my  business, 
and  what  course  would  be  most  for  mine  advantage, 
and  what  was  fittest  for  me  to  resolve  upon.  I  con 
ceived  it  would  be  prejudicial  to  rny  designs  to  lose 
the  advantage  of  the  spring,  because  of  the  infancy  of 
this  project,  considering  how  needful  it  was  to  settle 
this  course  of  trade  with  the  Indians  so  newly  begun, 
and  now  that  I  had  gotten  £200  worth  of  (beaver)  in 
readiness,  and  some  of  it  very  good. 

"  And  I  having  now  built  a  new  barque  of  sixteen 
tons,  and  fitted  myself  with  a  partner  that  joiueth  with 
me  for  a  moiety  in  that  vessel,  which  we  have  sent  to 
the  Cannadies  with  provisions,  and  such  merchandize, 
are  there  good  commodities,  and  so  to  the  Medeiras 
and  Teuariffe.  The  loading  is  corn,  meal,  beef,  pork, 
and  clapboards.  For  myself,  I  hope  to  be  gone  up  the 
river  within  the  six  days. 

"And  so,  beloved  friends,  that  shall  have  the  pe 
rusal  of  this  journal,  I  hope  that  you  will  hold  me  ex 
cused  in  the  method  of  this  relation,  and  bear  with 
my  weakness  in  penning  the  same.  And  consider 
that  time  would  not  permit  me  to  use  any  rhetoric  in 


END  OF  JOURNAL.  37 

the  form  of  this  discourse,  which,  to  say  truly,  I  am 
but  a  stranger  unto  as  yet,  considering  that  in  my  in 
fancy  and  prime  time  of  youth,  which  might  have  ad 
vantaged  my  study  that  way,  and  enabled  me  with 
more  learning,  I  was  for  many  years  together  com 
pelled  to  live  amongst  these  people,  whose  prisoner  I 
was,  and  by  that  means  am  a  better  proficient  in  the 
Indian  language  than  mine  own,  and  am  made  more 
able  that  way. 

"  The  thing  that  I  have  endeavored  herein  is,  in 
plain  phrase,  to  make  such  relation  of  my  voyage  as 
may  give  some  satisfaction  to  my  good  friends,  whose 
longing  thoughts  may  hereby  have  a  little  content,  by 
perusing  this  discourse,  wherein  it  will  appear  how  I 
proceeded,  and  what  success  I  have  had,  and  how  I 
am  like  to  speed  if  God  permit.  All  which  particulars, 
the  whole  ship's  company  are  ready  to  testify  on  be 
half  of  this  Journal." 


WILLIAM  CLAYBORNE, 


_LN"  the  Relation  of  the  Successful  Beginnings  of 
Lord  Baltimore's  Plantation  in  Maryland,  written  a 
few  weeks  after  the  landing  of  Leonard  Calvert  and 
associates,  it  is  stated,  that  William  Clayborue  came 
"  from  parts  in  Virginia  where  we  intend  to  plant," 
and  said  that  the  Indians  were  alarmed,  by  reason  of  a 
rumor  that  some  one  had  raised,  of  six  ships  that  were 
come,  with  a  power  of  Spaniards." 

Clayborne  was  above  the  majority  of  the  Virginia 
colonists  in  birth  and  intellectual  culture.  He  had  a 
very  different  training  from  Henry  Fleet,  his  rival  in 
the  Indian  trade,  who  once  wrote  u  that  in  my  infancy 
and  prime  time  of  youth,  I  was  for  years  together  com 
pelled  to  live  among  these  people  whose  prisoner  I 
was,  and  by  that  means  am  a  better  proficient  in  the 
Indian  language,  than  mine  own." 

He  was  the  second  son  of  Sir  Edward  Cleburne  or 
Clayborne  of  Westmoreland,  and  was  one  of  the  colo 
nial  officers  appointed  in  1621,  by  the  London  Com 
pany  for  Virginia,and  for  many  years  Secretary  of  the 
Colony. 

Among  his  early  companions  at  Jamestown  were 


COMPANIONS  OF  CLAYBORNE.  39 

the  estimable  Governor,  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  and  his 
gentle  wife,  the  niece  of  Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  the  head 
of  the  London  Company.  The  chaplain  was  Rev. 
Haut  Wyatt,  A.M.,  the  Governor's  brother.  The 
Treasurer  of  the  Colony  was  George  Sandys,  poet  and 
translator  of  Ovid,  and  brother  of  Sir  Edwin.  The 
Secretary  was  another  poet,  Christopher  Davison,  the 
son  of  that  Sir  William,  in  whose  employ  William 
Brewster  of  Plymouth  Rock  once  was.  The  surgeon 
general  John  Pott,  was  also  a  Master  of  Arts.1  In 
1621  the  London  Company  writes :  "  It  is  our  express 
will  that  the  tenants  belonging  to  every  office,  be  fixed 
to  his  certain  place,  on  the  lands  set  out,  for  which 
Mr.  Cleyburne 2  is  chosen  to  be  our  Surveyor,  who  at 
the  Company's  very  great  charge  is  set  out." 

In  1627  Clayborne  commanded  an  expedition  against 
the  Indians,  and  landing  at  the  junction  of  the  York 
and  Pamunkey  River  destroyed  the  village  and  corn- 

1  Oxford  University  in  1605  conferred  the  degree  of  A.M.  on  John 
Pott  and  George  Calvert  afterwards  the  first  Lord  Baltimore.     See 
Wood's  Athene?  Oxonienses. 

2  The  name  is  variously  spelt,   Cleyburne,   Cleburne,   Clybourne, 
Clibourne.     The   following  pedigree  is  found  in  the    Visitation  of 
Cumberland,  published  by  the  Harlei an  Society  of  London. 

Robert  Clyborne  of  Westmoreland. 

Edward  Clyborne  his  son. 

Children  of  Edward. 

Richard  Cliburne. 

John  Clibourne. 

Thomas  Clibourne. 

William  Clibourne. 

Elizabeth  married  John  Thwaits. 


40  THE  FOUNDEES  OF  MARYLAND. 

fields,  and  for  his  services  received  the  land  on  which 
the  Indians  had  dwelt.  In  October  of  this  year,  one 
arrived  at  Jamestown,  who  caused  much  dissension. 

Lord  Baltimore  in  early  life  was  known  as  George 
Calvert,  the  son  of  a  worthy  Yorkshire  farmer.  A 
graduate  of  Oxford,  and  an  attache  of  Cecil,  Earl  of 
Salisbury,  he  attracted  the  attention  of  James  the  First, 
and  when  about  twenty-five  years  of  age,  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Secretaries  of  State. 

A  good  linguist,  a  ready  writer,  and  possessing  exe 
cutive  talent,  he  was  soon  recognized  as  a  right  hand 
man  of  the  King,  and  an  antagonist  of  the  people's 
party  in  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1624  he  repre 
sented  Oxford  in  Parliament,  opposed  freedom  of 
speech,  and  defended  the  royal  prerogative.  In  1625 
he  announced  his  conversion  to  the  Church  of  Rome,1 
and  when  Charles  the  First  came  to  the  throne,  the 
oath  of  allegiance  being  offered  to  him,  as  one  of  the 
Privy  Council,  he  hesitated  and  was  relieved  of  duties 
at  Court,  and  went  to  his  estate  in  Ireland. 

While  a  member  of  the  Church  of  England,  in  1620, 
he  had  planted  a  colony  at  Ferryland  in  New  Found- 

1  Goodman  formerly  Bishop  of  Gloucester  of  the  Church  of  England, 
after  he  united  with  the  Church  of  Rome,  says  that  Calvert  was  con 
verted  by  Gondomar,  the  Spanish  Ambassador,  "  and  Count  Arundel 
whose  daughter  Secretary  Cal vert's  son  had  married."  This  is  a 
strange  error.  Ann  Arundel  wife  of  Cecil  Calvert,  died  July  24,  1649, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-four.  When  Gondomar  was  in  England  she  was 
about  six  years  of  age,  and  certainly  not  married  to  Secretary  Oal  vert's 
son. 


FIRST  LORD  BALTIMORE.  41 

land,  aud  on  May  21st,  1627,  be  writes  to  his  intimate 
friend  Sir  Thomas  Went  worth  : 

"  I  am  heartily  sorry,  that  I  am  farther  from  my 
hopes  of  seeing  you,  before  my  leaving  this  town, 
which  will  be  now  within  these  three  or  four  days, 
being  bound  for  a  long  journey,  to  a  place  which  I  have 
had  a  long  desire  to  visit,  and  have  now  the  oppor 
tunity  and  leave  to  do  it. 

"  It  is  New  Foundland  I  mean,  which  it  imports  me 
more  than  in  curiosity,  only  to  see,  for  I  must  either 
go  and  settle  it  in  better  order  or  else  give  it  over,  and 
lose  all  the  charges  I  have  been  at  hitherto,  for  other 
men  to  build  their  fortunes  upon.  And  I  had  rather 
be  esteemed  a  fool  by  some,  for  the  hazard  of  one 
month's  journey,  than  to  prove  myself  one  certainly 
for  six  years  by  past,  if  the  business  be  now  lost  for 
the  want  of  a  little  pains  and  care."  1 

Arriving  at  Ferryland  on  the  23d  of  July  bringing 
two  priests  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  he  astonished  the 
minister  of  the  Church  of  England  in  charge  of  the 
colonists.  After  a  brief  visit,  he  went  back  to  England 
and  in  the  summer  of  1628  returned  with  a  second 
wife,2  and  several  children  by  his  first  wife,  and  a 


1  Stafford's  Letters,  vol.  1,  p.  39,  Dublin,  1740. 

2  There  has  been  much  confusion   as  to  Lord  Baltimore's  family  re 
lations. 

Davis  and  Hildreth   erroneously  intimate  that   Governor  Leonard 
Calvert  was  an  illegitimate  child,  and  bore  the  baton  in  his  escutcheon. 
Governor  Stuyvesant  of  New  York,  who  corresponded  with  Governor 
6 


42  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Eoman  Catholic  priest.  The  Church  of  England 
clergyman  was  sent  home,  and  in  October  complained 
to  the  authorities  of  England,  that  contrary  to  law, 
mass  was  publicly  celebrated  in  New  Foundland.  In 
a  few  months  Lord  Baltimore  found  the  country  too 
cold  for  a  residence,  and  he  wrote  a  letter  dated  August 
19th,  1629,  to  his  old  friend  King  Charles,  in  which  he 
uses  these  words. 

"  Have  met  with  grave  difficulties  and  incumbrances 
here,  which  in  this  place  are  no  longer  to  be  resisted, 
but  enforce  me  presently  to  quit  my  residence  and  to 
shift  to  some  other  warmer  climate  of  this  new  world 
where  the  winter  be  shorter  and  less  rigorous. 

"  For  here  your  Majesty  may  please  to  understand 
that  I  have  found  by  too  dear  bought  experience,  which 
other  men  for  their  private  interests  always  concealed 
from  me,  that  from  the  middlest  of  October,  to  the 
middlest  of  May  there  is  a  sad  fare  of  winter  upon  all 
this  land,  both  sea  and  land  so  frozen  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  time,  as  they  are  not  penetrable ;  no  plant 
or  vegetable  thing  appearing  out  of  the  earth  until  it 
be  about  the  beginning  of  Ma}7,  nor  fish  in  the  sea ; 

Philip  Calvert,  does  however  state  that  Philip  was  the  illegitimate 
child  of  Leonard  Calvert's  father,  the  first  Lord  Baltimore. 

Lodge,  Burke  and  other  writers  on  the  peerage  never  allude  to  the 
second  wife  of  Lord  Baltimore.  It  is  possible  that  he  was  privately 
married  in  Ireland,  and  not  according  to  the  laws  of  the  Church  of 
England.  There  is  a  mystery  about  the  second  wife.  In  one  of  the 
Ayscough  MSS.  of  the  British  Museum  it  is  stated  that  she  was  lost 
at  sea,  and  there  the  subject  is  dropped. 


NEW    FOUNDLAND   CLIMATE.  43 

besides  the  air  is  so  intolerable  cold  as  it  is  hardly  to 
be  endured. 

"By  means  whereof,  and  of  much  salt  meat,  my  house 
hath  been  an  hospital,  all  this  winter,  of  100  persons, 
fifty  sick  at  a  time,  myself  being  one,  and  nine  or  ten 
of  them  died. 

"Hereupon  I  have  had  strong  temptations  to  leave 
all  proceedings  in  plantations,  and  being  much  decayed 
in  rny  strength  to  retire  myself  to  my  former  quiet,  but 
my  inclination  carrying  me  naturally  to  these  kind  of 
works,  and  not  knowing  how  better  to  employ  the  poor 
remainder  of  my  days,  than  with  other  good  subjects, 
to  further  the  best  I  may,  the  enlarging  your  Majesty's 
empire  in  this  part  of  the  world,  I  am  determined  to 
commit  this  place  to  fishermen  that  are  able  to  en 
counter  storms  and  hard  weather,  and  to  remove  my 
self  with  some  forty  persons  to  your  Majesty's  domain, 
Virginia,  where  if  your  Majesty  will  please  to  grant 
me  a  precinct  of  land  with  such  privileges  as  the  King, 
your  father  was  pleased  to  grant  me  here,  I  shall  en 
deavor  to  the  utmost  to  deserve  it."  l 

Waiting  for  no  reply  he  sailed  away,  and  early  in 
October  1629,  with  his  children  and  their  step-mother 
and  attendants  arrived  at  Jamestown.  He  expressed 
a  desire  to  John  Pott  the  acting  Governor,  who  pro 
bably  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Oxford  on 


1  Virginia  State  Papers. 


44  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  same  day  as  he  obtained  the  honor,  to  settle  in  that 
country,  but  was  informed  that  it  was  the  law  that 
every  new-comer  should  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
and  supremacy,  but  this  he  refused  and  the  following 
statement  signed  by  Governor  John  Pott,  Samuel 
Matthews,  Roger  Srnyth  and  William  Clayborne  pre 
pared  on  November  30th,  1629,  was  forwarded  to  the 
King's  Privy  Council. l 

"  May  it  please  your  Lordships  to  understand,  that 
about  the  beginning  of  October  last,  there  arrived  in 
the  colony  the  Lord  Baltimore,  from  his  plantation 
at  New  Foundland,  with  an  intention,  as  we  are  in 
formed,  rather  to  plant  himself  to  the  southward  of 
the  settlement  here,  although  he  hath  seemed  well 
affected  to  this  place,  and  willing  to  make  his  resi 
dence  therein  with  his  whole  family. 

"  We  were  readily  inclined  to  render  to  his  Lord 
ship  all  those  respects  which  were  due  unto  the 
honor  of  his  person,  which  might  testify  with  how 
much  gladness  we  desire  to  receive  and  to  entertain 
him,  as  being  of  that  eminence  and  degree  whose  pre 
sence  and  affection  might  give  great  advancement  to 
the  plantation. 

"  Thereupon,  according  to  the  instructions  from 
your  Lordships,  and  the  usual  course  held  in  this  place, 
we  tendered  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  allegiance  to 


1  Va.  MSS.  Library  of  Congress. 


BALTIMORE  TAKES  THE  OATH.  45 

his  Lordship  and  some  of  his  followers,  who,  making 
profession  of  the  Romish  religion,  utterly  refused  to 
take  the  same,  a  thing  we  could  riot  have  doubted  in 
him,  whose  former  employments  under  his  late  Ma 
jesty  might  have  endeared  to  us  a  persuasion  he 
would  not  have  made  a  denial  of  that,  in  point  whereof, 
consists  the  loyalty  and  fidelity  which  every  true  sub 
ject  oweth  unto  his  Sovereign. 

"  His  Lordship,  therefore,  offered  to  take  the  oath, 
a  copy  whereof  is  included,  but,  in  true  discharge  of 
the  trust  imposed  on  us  by  his  Majesty,  we  could  not 
imagine  that  so  much  latitude  was  left  for  us  to  de 
cline  from  the  prescribed  form  so  strictly  exacted, 
and  so  well  justified  and  defended  by  the  pen  of  our 
late  Sovereign,  King  James  of  happy  memory ;  and 
among  the  blessings  and  favors  for  which  we  are 
bound  to  bless  God,  and  which  this  colony  hath  re 
ceived  from  his  Most  Gracious  Majesty,  there  is  none 
whereby  it  hath  been  made  more  happy  than  in  the 
freedom  of  our  religion  which  we  have  enjoyed,  and 
that  no  Papists  have  been  suffered  to  settle  their  abode 
amongst  us,  the  continuance  whereof  we  now  humbly 
implore  from  his  Most  Sacred  Majesty,  and  earnestly 
beseech  your  Lordships,  that  by  your  mediations  and 
counsels,  the  same  may  be  established  and  confirmed 
unto  us." 

Not  discouraged  by  his  cold  reception,  leaving  his 
family,  he  went  to  England  to  sue  for  a  grant  of  land. 


46  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

In  the  British  State  Paper  Office  there  is  the  following 
petition  preserved,  addressed  to  Lord  Dorchester,  Sec 
retary  of  State,  in  Baltimore's  own  hand. 

"  That  your  Lordship  would  he  pleased  to  procure 
me  a  letter  from  my  Lords  of  the  Council  to  the  Go 
vernor  of  Virginia  in  favor  of  my  wife  now  there,  that 
he  would  afford  her  his  best  assistance  upon  her  return 
into  England  in  all  things  reasonable  for  her  accom 
modation,  in  her  passage  and  for  recovery  of  any  debts 
due  unto  me  in  Virginia,  or  for  disposing  of  her  ser 
vants  according  to  the  custom  of  the  country  if  she 
shall  think  fit  to  leave  any  behind  her  or  upon  any 
other  occasion,  wherein  she  may  have  use  of  his  law 
ful  favor. 

"  Moreover  that  your  Lordship  would  be  pleased  to 
move  his  Majesty  that  whereas  upon  my  humble  suit 
unto  him  from  Newfoundland  for  a  proportion  to  be 
granted  unto  me  in  Virginia,  he  was  graciously  pleased 
to  signify  by  Sir  Francis  Cottington  that  I  should  have 
any  part  not  already  granted,  that  his  Majesty  would 
give  me  leave  to  choose  such  a  part  now,  and  to  pass 
it  unto  me,  with  the  like  power  and  privileges  as  the 
King  his  father  of  happy  memory  did  grant  me  that 
precinct  in  Newfoundland,  and  I  shall  contribute  my 
best  endeavors,  with  the  rest  of  his  loyal  subjects,  to 
enlarge  his  Empire  in  that  part  of  the  world,  by  such 
gentlemen  and  others,  as  will  adventure  to  join  with 
me,  though  I  go  not  myself  in  person." 


BALTIMORE  SECURES  A  TRACT.  47 

Joseph  Mead,  Chaplain  of  Archbishop  Laud,  on 
February  12,  1629-30,  writes  :  "  Though  his  Lord 
ship  [Baltimore]  is  extolling  that  country  to  the  skies, 
yet  he  is  preparing  a  bark  to  send  to  fetch  his  Lady 
and  servants  from  thence,  because  the  King  will  not 
permit  him  to  go  back  again." 

In  October,  1629,  Sir  Robert  Heath,  the  Attorney 
General  of  England,  obtained  a  grant  of  land  in  America, 
between  the  degrees  of  31  and  36  of  north  latitude, 
under  the  name  of  the  "  Province  of  Carolana,"  and 
two  days  before  Mead  wrote,  an  association  of  gentle 
men  asked  for  two  degrees  of  land,  to  be  held  under 
Heath,  as  Lord  Paramount,  with  liberty  to  appoint 
all  officers  both  civil  and  ecclesiastical.  On  April  30, 
1630,  the  Privy  Council  ordered,  that  no  aliens  should 
be  settled  in  Carolaua,  without  special  direction,  nor 
any  but  Protestants.1 

Lord  Baltimore  at  length,  in  February,  1631,  se 
cured  a  tract  of  land  south  of  James  River,  and  a 
charter  was  prepared ;  but  Clayborne,  Secretary  of  Vir 
ginia,  and  ex-Governor  Francis  West,  a  brother  of  late 
Lord  Delaware,  then  in  London,  made  such  representa 
tions  that  it  was  revoked.  Undaunted,  he  persevered, 
and  on  the  ground  that  it  was  not  occupied  by  English 
subjects,  obtained  a  grant  for  lands,  north  and  east  of 
the  Potomac.2  The  King  said,  "  Let  us  name  it  after 

1  Sainsbury's  State  Papers. 

2  See  Charter. 


48  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  Queen.  What  think  you  of  Mariana  ?"  Balti 
more  objected,  because,  that  was  also  the  name  of  the 
Spanish  historian,  who  taught  that  the  will  of  the  peo 
ple  was  higher  than  the  law  of  tyrants  Charles  then 
modified  the  name  and  said,  "  Let  it  be  Terra  Mariee."1 
At  this  time,  Clayborne  had  a  plantation  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  trading  posts  at  Kent 
Island  and  Palmer's  Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susque- 
hanna,  the  latter  of  which  he  claims  to  have  discovered.2 
tf  As  soon  as  it  was  known  that  Lord  Baltimore  had 
obtained  a  patent  for  the  Chesapeake  region,  on  the 
ground  that  it  had  not  been  occupied,  the  London 
partners  of  Clayborne  and  Virginia  planters  com 
plained,  that  the  grant  was  within  their  limits,  cover 
ing  the  places  of  their  traffic,  and  so  near  to  their 
habitations,  as  will  give  a  general  disheartening  to  the 
planters  if  they  be  divided  into  several  governments. 
George  Lord  Baltimore  died  on  April  9,  1632,  and  his 
son  Cecil  succeeded  to  the  title.  On  the  28th  of  June, 
1633,  both  parties  were  heard,  and  on  the  3d  of  July 
the  Privy  Council  "  for  the  preventing  of  further  ques 
tions  and  differences  did  order  that  the  planters  on 
each  side  shall  have  free  traffic  and  commerce,  each 
with  the  other,"  also  that  Lord  Baltimore  should 
be  left  to  his  patent,  and  the  others  to  the  course  of 
law  according  to  their  desire. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  Leonard  Calvert's  expedition  at 

1  Ayscough  MSS. 
8  Annapolis  MSS. 


CALYERT  AT  JAMES  RIVER.  49 

the  James  River,  Calvert  claimed  that  Clayborne  and 
the  people  of  Kent  Island  should  acknowledge  his 
jurisdiction.  As  the  inhabitants  had  been  repre 
sented  in  the  Virginia  Legislature,  Clayborne  consulted 
the  Council  of  Virginia  as  to  the  proper  course  to  pur 
sue,  and  they  replied  "  that  they  knew  no  reason  why 
they  should  render  up  the  right  of  the  Isle  of  Kent, 
more  than  any  other  formerly  given  by  his  Majesty's 
patent."  Governor  Calvert  forbade  his  trading  in  the 
Chesapeake  without  his  license,  and  under  the  influ 
ence  of  Fleet  was  made  to  believe  that  he  was  inciting 
the  Indians  to  resistance. 

Clayborne  on  the  20th  of  June  1634,  held  a  confer 
ence  with  the  Chief  of  the  Patuxentsin  the  presence 
of  George  Calvert  the  brother  of  the  Governor,  Fred 
erick  the  brother  of  Sir  John  Winter1  and  others  of 
the  Maryland  Colony,  and  two  prominent  Virginians 
John  Utie2  and  Samuel  Mathews.3  After  examining 
the  Chief,  through  a  sworn  interpreter,  the  whole  was 
written  out  and  approved  by  both  Marylanders  and 
Virginians. 

1  Frederick  Winter  died  before  1638 ;  George  Calvert  lived  and  died 
in  Virginia. 

2  John  Utye  or  Utie  came  to  Virginia  in  1620  in  the  ship  Francis 
Bona  Ventura  and  was  followed  in  1621,  in  the  ship  Sea  Flower  by 
Ann  his  wife,  and  an  infant  son. 

3  Samuel  Matthews  came  to  Virginia  in  1622,  in  the  ship  South 
ampton,  and  lived  at  Blunt  Point,  a  little  distance  above  Newports 
News.     He  was  thrifty  and  intelligent.     His  wife  was  the  daughter 
of  Sir  Thomas  Hinton.     He  was  a  type  of  the  early  planter,  "  lived 
bravely,  kept  a  good  house,  and  was  a  true  lover  of  Virginia." 


50  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

The  Chief,  in  his  statement,  denied  that  Clayborne 
had  prejudiced  his  tribe  against  the  Marylanders,  and 
said  that  Fleet  "  was  a  liar  and  that  if  he  were  present 
he  would  tell  him  so  to  his  face."1 

The  explorer  of  the  Delaware  River  Captain  Thomas 
Young,  a  friend  of  Lord  Baltimore,  who  was  at  James 
town  in  July,  1634,  wrote  for  Secretary  Windebank 
an  entirely  different  version  and  adds  :  "  This,  so  far 
as  I  can  learn,  is  the  true  state,  wherein  my  Lord  of 
Baltimore's  Plantation  stands  with  those  of  Virginia, 
which  perhaps  may  prove  dangerous  enough  for  them, 
if  there  be  not  some  present  order  taken  in  England 
for  suppressing  the  insolence  of  Clayborne  and  his  ac 
complices,  and  for  disjointing  this  faction,  which  is  so 
fast  linked  and  united,  as  I  am  persuaded  will  not  by 
the  Governor  be  easily  dissevered  or  overruled,  with 
out  some  strong  arid  powerful  addition  to  his  present 
authority,  by  some  new  powers  from  England.  And  it 
will  be  to  little  purpose,  for  my  Lord  to  proceed  in  his 
Colony,  against  which  they  have  so  exasperated  and 
incensed  all  the  English  Colony  of  Virginia;  as  here 
it  is  accounted  a  crime  almost  as  heinous  as  treason  to 
favor,  nay,  to  speak  well  of  that  colony  of  my  Lord's. 

"And  I  have  observed  myself  a  palpable  kind  of 
strangeness  and  distance  between  those  of  the  best 
sort  in  the  country  which  have  formerly  been  very 


Streeter's  Early  Papers. 


THE  POCOMOKE  CONFLICT.  51 

familiar  and  loving  to  one  another,  only  because  the 
one  hath  been  suspected  to  have  been  a  well  wisher  to 
the  Plantation  of  Maryland."  1 

Of  the  Council  of  Virginia  but  two  were  friendly  to 
the  Maryland  Colony.  Lord  Baltimore  upon  receiving 
intelligence  of  the  position  of  affairs  on  the  4th  of 
September,  instructed  Leonard  Calvert  and  his  Com 
missioners  in  Maryland,  that  if  Clayborne  would  not 
acknowledge  his  patent,  to  seize  and  detain  him  close 
prisoner  at  Saint  Mary,  and  if  they  can,  "  take  posses 
sion  of  his  plantation  on  the  Isle  of  Kent." 

On  October  8th  however,  the  King  wrote  from  Hamp 
ton  Court,  to  the  Virginia  Council  and  all  Lieutenants 
of  Provinces  in  America,  requiring  kt  them  to  be  assist 
ing  the  planters  in  Ketish  Island,  that  they  may  peace 
ably  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  labors,  and  forbids  Lord 
Baltimore  or  his  agents  to  do  them  any  violence." 

It  is  not  strange  that  orders  so  contradictory  should 
have  induced  bloodshed.  In  the  spring  of  1635,  Corn- 
wallis  proceeded,  as  one  of  the  Maryland  Commis 
sioners,  to  search  in  the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake,  for 
Virginians  trading  without  a  Maryland  license. 

The  goods  of  a  trader  named  Harmon  were  seized, 
and  a  pinnace  called  the  Long  Tail  belonging  to  Clay- 
borne  captured.2  Clayborne  sent  from  Kent  Island  a 


1  Young  in  Aspinwall  Papers.     Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Publications,  4th 
Series,  vol.  ix. 

2  Report  of  Parliament  Committee  of  the  Navy  Dec.  31,  1652. 


52  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

boat  with  Lt.  Ratcliff*  Warren  and  thirteen  others  to 
recover  his  property,  and  on  the  23d  of  April,  in  the 
Pocomoke  met  Commissioner  Cornwallis  with  two 
pinnaces  the  St.  Margaret  and  St.  Helen,  when  a  con 
flict  took  place  and  William  Ashmore  of  the  Maryland 
side,  and  Lt.  Warren,  John  Bellson,  and  William 
Dawson  of  the  Virginians  were  killed.  Again  on  the 
10th  of  May,  in  the  harbor  of  Great  Wighcomoco, 
Cornwallis  met  Thomas  Smith  of  Kent  Island  who  was 
arrested,  tried  for  piracy  by  the  Maryland  Assembly, 
and  sentenced  to  be  hung. 

When  the  Virginians  learned  that  their  Governor, 
John  Harvey,  approved  of  Governor  Calvert's  course 
towards  Clayborne,  they  were  very  indignant,  and  de 
termined  no  longer  to  acknowledge  his  authority. 

Four  days  after  Warren  was  killed,  a  public  meeting 
was  held  at  Yorktown  at  the  house  of  William  Warren, 
perhaps  a  relative,  Speaker  of  the  Virginia  Assembly, 
to  consider  the  conduct  of  Harvey.  The  next  day  the 
Governor  called  a  meeting  of  his  Council.  His  friend 
and  Secretary  of  the  Colony  Richard  Kemp  writes  : 

"  The  Governor  demanded  if  they  had  knowledge  of 
the  people's  grievances.  Mr.  Minilie1  answered  that 

1  George  Minifie  arrived  in  the  year  1623,  in  the  ship  Samuel.  His 
plantation  was  between  Blunt  Point  and  Jamestown.  De  Vries  visited 
in  1633,  the  James  River  and  in  his  journal  writes  "  Arrived  at  Little- 
town  where  Menifit  lives.  He  has  a  garden  of  two  acres  full  of  prim 
roses,  apple,  pear  and  cheery  trees,  the  various  fruits  of  Holland,  with 
different  kinds  of  sweet  smelling  herbs,  rosemary,  sage,  marjoram, 


GOVERNOR  HARVEY  ARRESTED.  53 

their  chiefest  grievance  was  the  not  sending  the  answer 
of  the  late  Assembly.  The  Governor  rising  from  his 
place  replied,  'Do  you  say  so?  I  arrest  you  upon  sus 
picion  of  treason  to  his  Majesty.'  Whereupon  Captain 
Uty  and  Captain  Mathews  both  of  the  Council  laid 
hands  upon  the  Governor  using  these  words  :  '  And 
we,  you,  upon  suspicion  of  treason  to  his  Majesty.' 
The  Council  then  demanded  that  he  should  go  to  Eng 
land,  to  which  he  reluctantly  consented,  and  on  the 
7th  of  May  John  West  a  brother  of  Lord  Delaware 
was  chosen  acting  Governor,  and  a  Committee  consist 
ing  of  Uty  and  Peirce  were  sent  to  confer  with  the 
Governor  of  Maryland. 

A  correspondent  of  Thomas  Wentworth,  the  Earl 
of  Strafford,  on  August  19th,  1635,  alludes  to  this  diffi 
culty,  in  these  words : 

"  Sir  John  Harvey  Governor  of  Virginia  being  in 
vited  on  board  of  a  ship,  was  suddenly  carried  away 
and  is  now  brought  into  England.  The  company  allege 
he  was  a  Marylander,  that  is,  one  that  favored  too  much 
my  Lord  Baltimore's  Plantation,  to  their  prejudice; 
but  it  is  ill  taken,  that  the  Company  of  their  own 
authority,  should  hurry  him  away  in  that  manner."1 


thyme.  Around  the  house  were  planted  peach  trees  which  were 
hardly  in  bloom." 

The  Dutch  Captain  says  that  these  were  the  first  peach  trees  he 
saw  in  North  America. 

1  Strafford  Papers. 


54  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

While  the  examination  of  Harvey  was  proceeding  in 
England,  Clayborne  remained  in  undisturbed  posses 
sion  of  Kent  Island,  until  1637,  when  he  went  to 
England  leaving  George  Evelyn1  in  charge,  who  ac 
knowledged  the  jurisdiction  of  Maryland,  and  Clay- 


1  The  Evelyns  and  Calverts  were  of  Flemish  extraction.  Sir  John 
Evelyn  had  a  son  Robert  of  Goodstone  Surrey  who  died  before  1639, 
whose  wife  was  Susan  daughter  of  Gregory  Young  of  York.  George 
and  Robert  Evelyn  were  nephews  of  Capt.  Thomas  Young  who  was 
authorized  on  Sept.  22,  1633,  by  the  King  to  fit  out  ships,  appoint 
officers,  and  to  make  discoveries  in  America.  Among  the  officers  ap 
pointed  were  Robert  Evelyn,  a  surgeon  named  Scott,  and  Alexander 
Baker  of  St.  Holborn's  parish,  Middlesex,  described  by  Young  as 
"  skillful  in  mines  and  trying  of  metals." 

Stopping  at  Point  Comfort  for  repairs  and  supplies,  he  left  there  on 
the  20th  of  July  1634,  and  on  the  24th  entered  Delaware  Bay.  Slowly 
ascending  the  Delaware  on  the  22d  of  August  he  reached  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  and  after  stopping  five  days  again  sailed,  and  on  the  29th  came 
to  shoal  water  below  the  Falls. 

Early  in  1635  Lt.  Robert  Evelyn  returned  to  England,  and  in  1637 
appears  again  in  America,  and  is  appointed  Surveyor  of  Virginia.  His 
brother  George  probably  came  to  Maryland  at  this  time.  At  Piney 
Point  on  the  Potomac  George  obtained  ;\  grant  called  the  Manor  of 
Evelynton  and  on  April  3, 1638,  entered  lands  for  the  following  persons. 
Thomas  Hebden,  Daniel  Wickliff,  Randall  Revell, 

James  Cloughton,  Hugh  Howard,  John  Walker, 

Henry  Lee,  John  Wortley,  John  Richardson, 

John  Hill,  Wm.  Medcalf,  Philip  West, 

Edmund  Parris,  Ho  well  Morgan,  Matthew  Roedlen, 

Roger  Baxter,  Thomas  Orley,  Wm.  Williamson, 

Thomas  Keane,  Andrew  Baker,  John  Hatch. 

Samuel  Scovell, 

Through  the  Mynne  family  the  Evelyns  were  related  to  the  Calverts. 
Elizabeth  Mynne,  daughter  of  George  Mynne,  a  relative  of  the  wife  of 
the  first  Lord  Baltimore  married  a  Richard  Evelyn,  and  when  she  died 
in  1692,  left  the  Manor  of  Horton,  to  Charles,  4th  Lord  Baltimore. 


CLAYBORNE'S  ISLE  OF  KENT,  55 

borue's  goods  were  seized  at  Palmer's  Island,1  as  well 
as  this  point.  While  the  Maryland  Assembly  was 
confiscating  his  estate,  Clayborne  was  not  idle  in 
London,  and  on  the  4th  of  April,  1638,  the  Commis 
sioners  of  Plantations  reported  the  right  and  title  to 
the  Isle  of  Kent  to  be  absolutely  with  him,  and  that 
the  violence  complained  of,  by  him,  to  be  left  to  the 
courts  of  justice." 

The  following  note  on  the  14th  of  July  was  also  sent 
to  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore  :  "  The  King  understands 
that  contrary  to  his  pleasure,  Lord  Baltimore's  agents 
have  slain  three  persons,  possessed  themselves  of  the 
island  by  force,  and  seized  the  persons  and  estates  of 


1  Among   others,  the  following  were  taken  by  Lord  Baltimore's 
agents  at  Palmer's  Island. 

Servants. 
Edward  Griffin,  William  Jones, 

Richard  Roymont,  William  Freeman. 

Books. 

A  Statute  Book. 
Five  or  Six  Little  Books. 
One  Great  Book  of  Mr.  Perkins. 

The  latter  may  have  been  one  of  the  volumes  sent  out  from  London. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Virginia  Company  on  November  15,  1620,  as  the 
reading  of  the  minutes  was  finished,  "a  stranger  stepped  in"  and 
presented  a  map  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's,  containing  a  description  of 
Guiana,  and  with  the  same,  four  Great  Books,  as  the  gift  of  one  who 
desired  his  name  might  not  be  known.  Three  of  these  folios  were  the 
works  of  Perkins  the  distinguished  divine  of  Cambridge  University. 
The  donor  desired  these  books  might  be  sent  to  the  college  in  Vir 
ginia,  there  to  remain  in  safety  to  the  use  of  the  collegiate  educators, 
and  not  suffered  at  any  time  to  be  lent  abroad.  See  History  of  Vir 
ginia  Company,  published  by  Munsell,  Albany,  page  197. 


56  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  planters.  These  disorders  have  been  referred  to 
the  Commissioners  for  Plantations.  He  is  therefore 
commanded  to  allow  the  planters  and  their  agents  to 
have  free  enjoyment  of  their  possessions  without  further 
trouble,  until  the  cause  is  decided." 

In  the  year  1644,  between  October  and  Christmas, 
with  a  party  of  men  from  Chicacoan  in  Virginia,  Clay- 
borne  took  possession  of  Kent  Isle  but  did  not  remain, 
and  in  1646  came  again  with  forty  persons  under  a 
commission  from  Governor  Berkeley  of  Virginia, 'but 
in  the  next  year  was  compelled  to  retire. 

During  these  troubles  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  who 
as  early  as  July  1632,  had  obtained  a  patent  for  Long 
Isle,  and  forty  leagues  between  39  and  40  degrees  of 
north  latitude  was  visiting  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and 
in  the  "  Description  of  the  Province  of  New  Albion," 
published  in  1648,  speaks  of  "  Captain  Claiborne, 
heretofore  Secretary  now  Treasurer  of  Virginia,"  and 
adds :  » 

"  Now  Kent  Isle,  was  with  many  households  of 
English,  by  Captain  Clayborn  before  seated,  and  be 
cause  his  Majesty  by  his  privy  signet  shortly  after 
declared  that  it  was  not  his  intention  to  grant  any 
lands  before  seated  anjj  habited,  and  for  that,  it  lyeth 
by  the  Maryland  printed  card,  clear  northward,  within 
Albion  and  not  in  AJary land,  and  not  only  late  Sea 
men,  but  old  depositions  in  Clayboru's  hand  shows  it 
to  be  out  of  Maryland,  and  for  that  Albion's  privy 


BALTIMORE'S  OFFICERS  REMOVED.          57 

signet  is  elder  and  before  Maryland  patent,  Clayborn 
by  force  entered  and  thrust  Master  Calvert  out  of 
Kent."1 

In  1640,  we  find  that  Clayborne  had  returned  to 
America,  and  on  the  20th  of  June  petitioned  the  Vir 
ginia  authorities  for  3000  acres  of  land  at  the  town  of 
Patomack  where  in  1622  the  English  had  built  a  fort, 
which  was  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the  Potomac,  a  few 
miles  from  Potopaco,  Maryland. 

The  beheading  of  King  Charles  by  the  Parliament 
of  England  led  to  a  compromise  with  the  Virginians. 
In  1652  William  Clayborne  and  Richard  Bennett  as 
Commissioners  of  Parliament  removed  Lord  Balti 
more's  officers  iu  Maryland  and  appointed  others,  in 
the  name  of  the  keepers  of  the  liberty  of  England. 
For  five  years  he  performed  the  duties  of  Commis 
sioner,  and  after  this  period  lived  at  the  junction  of  the 
York  and  Pamunkey  on  the  site  of  the  Indian  village 
Caudayack,  now  called  West  Point.  In  Herrman's 
Map  prepared  for  Lord  Baltimore,  and  published  in 
1673,  the  neck  of  land  is  called  Clayborne.  After  the 


1  In  1632  Plowden  and  others  petitioned  for  Long  Isle  or  Isle  Plow- 
den,  and  other  isles  between  39th  and  40th  degree  of  north  latitude, 
with  40  leagues  square  of  adjoining  continent  to  be  granted"  a  County 
Palatine  or  body  politic  by  the  name  of  New  Albion."  The  King,  on 
the  24th  of  July,  ordered  the  letters  patent  to  be  granted.  See  Straf- 
ford's  Letters,  vol.  I,  pp.  72,  73.  In  Hazard's  Annals  of  Pennsylvania 
there  is  a  deposition  that  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  residing  in  Virginia 
in  1643,  bought  of  Philip  White  of  Kiquotan,  the  half  of  a  bark.  He 
returned  to  England,  was  imprisoned  for  debt  and  died  A.D.  1655. 
8 


58  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

restoration  of  Charles  the  Second,  he  was  again  hon 
ored  with  the  Secretaryship  of  Virginia,  which  he  had 
first  held  about  forty  years  before,  and  in  1666  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature.  The  time  of  his 
death  has  not  been  ascertained.  His  son  Thomas  was 
killed  by  the  Indians,  and  his  tombstone  a  few  years 
ago  was  visible.  The  Quaker  preacher,  Thomas 
Story,  speaks  of  visiting,  in  1699,  William  Clayborne 
of  Pamunkey  Neck,  who  was  probably  another  son  of 
the  old  Virginia  Secretary,  and  Parliament  Commis 
sioner. 


EMBARCATION  OF  MARYLAND  COLONISTS. 


W  E  are  now  prepared  to  notice  the  pioneers  of  Lord 
Baltimore's  Plantation  in  Maryland.  It  has  been  a-1 
ready  stated,  that  the  Privy  Council,  after  hearing  the 
arguments  of  the  Virginia  planters,  ordered,  on  July 
3d,  1633,  that  Lord  Baltimore  should  be  left  to  his 
patent,  and  the  Virginians  "  to  the  course  of  law,  ac 
cording  to  their  desire."  A  number  of  friends  joined 
with  Cecil  Lord  Baltimore,  in  fitting  out  an  expedition 
On  the  31st  of  the  same  month,  in  which  the  decision 
of  the  Council  was  announced,  the  following  order 
was  issued  by  that  body. 

"  Whereas  the  good  ship  called  the  Ark  of  Maryland 
of  the  burthen  of  about  350  tons,  whereof  one  Lowe 
is  Master,  is  set  forth  by  our  very  good  Lord,  the  Lord 
Baltimore  for  his  Lordship's  plantation  at  Maryland  in 
America  and  manned  with  about  40  men.  Forasmuch 
as  his  Lordship  hath  desired,  that  the  men  belonging 
to  his  said  ship,  may  be  free  from  press  or  interruption, 
these  are  to  will  and  require  you,  to  forbear  to  take 
up,  or  press  any,  the  officers,  seamen,  mariners  or 
others  belonging  to  his  Lordship's  said  ship  either  in 
her  voyage  to  Maryland,  or  in  her  return  for  England, 


60  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

and  that  you  permit  and  suffer  her  quietly  to  pass  and 
return  without  any  let  or  hindrance,  stay  or  interruption 
whatsoever."1  A  pinnace  of  twenty  tons,  commanded 
by  Captain  Winter,  called  The  Dove,  accompanied 
the  Ark. 

On  the  19th  ofOctoher,  Coke  the  Secretary  of  State,2 
informed  Admiral  Penington  "  that  the  Ark,  Richard 
Lowe3  Master,  carrying  men  for  Lord  Baltimore  to 
his  new  plantation  in  or  about  New  England,  had  sailed 
from  Gravesend  contrary  to  orders,  the  company  in 
charge  of  Capt.  Winter4  not  having  taken  the  oath  of 
allegiance,"5  and  directed  him  to  have  the  expedition 


1  Copied  from  original  in  British  Public  Record  Office. 

3  Sainsbury's  State  Papers. 

3  In  the  M'd  Assembly  of  1638  was  Richard  Loe  probably  the  same 
person.  He  died  in  1639  and  John  Lewger,  the  first  Secretary  of  the 
Province,  was  his  executor.  He  bequeathed  to  Lewger's  wife,  "  a  satin 
petticoat."  See  Annapolis MSS. 

*  A  Capt.  Robert  Winter  was  in  the  Assembly  of  1638.  On  Janu 
ary  12, 1637-38,  he  transported  the  following  servants,  Richard  Browne, 
Arthur  Webb,  John  Speed,  Bartholomew  Phillips,  Thomas  White, 
Rowland  Morgan,  George  Tailor,  aged  15  years.  Before  September 
1638  he  died.  See  Annapolis  MSS. 

6  Pope  Pius  the  Fifth  had  freed  English  subjects,  from  allegiance 
to  the  Sovereign  of  England.  After  the  Gun  Powder  Plot  the  Oath 
of  Allegiance  was  required  of  all  persons  sailing  to  English  colonies. 
It  begins  as  follows. 

"  I  A B do  truly  and  sincerely  acknowledge,  profess, 

testify,  and  declare  in  my  conscience  before  God  and  the  World,  that 
our  Sovereign  Lord  King  James  is  lawful  and  righteous  King  of  this 
realm,  and  all  other  his  Majesty's  dominions  and  countries,  and  that 
the  Pope,  neither  of  himself,  nor  by  any  authority  by  the  Church  or 
See  of  Rome,  or  by  any  other  means  with  any  other,  hath  any  power 
or  authority  to  depose  the  King,  or  to  dispose  of  any  of  his  Majesty's 


OATH  OF  ALLEGIANCE.  61 

brought  back.  After  the  vessels  were  again  anchored, 
near  Gravesend.  they  were  visited  by  Edward  Watkins 
the  London  Searcher,  who  reported  to  the  Privy 
Council  as  follows :  "  According  to  your  Lordship's 
order  of  the  25th  day  of  this  instant  month  of  October, 
I  have  been  at  Tillbury  Hope  where  I  found  a  ship 
and  pinnace  belonging  to  the  Right  Honorable  Cecil 
Lord  Baltimore  where  I  offered  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  all  and  every  the  persons  aboard,  to  the  number  of 
about  128,  who  took  the  same,  and  inquiring  of  the 
Master  of  the  Ship  whether  any  more  persons  were  to 
go  the  said  voyage,  he  answered  that  some  few  others 
were  shipped  who  had  forsaken  the  ship  and  given 
over  the  voyage,  by  reason  of  the  stay  of  said  ships."1 
The  vessels  after  they  left  the  Thames  stopped  at 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  where  the  Jesuit  Father  White,  and 
others  who  had  forsaken  the  ship,  were  probably  re 
ceived.  On  the  22d  of  November  they  sailed  from 
this  Isle.  Father  White  writes:  "  Yet  we  were  not 
without  apprehension,  for  the  sailors  were  murmuring 
among  themselves,  saying  that  they  were  expecting  a 


kingdoms  or  dominions,"  etc.  Another  clause  reads  :  "  Also  I  do 
swear  from  my  heart,  that  notwithstanding  any  declaration  or  sentence 
of  excommunication,  or  deprivation  made  or  granted  by  the  Pope  or 
his  successors  **•****!  will  bear  faith  and  true  allegiance  to  his 
Majesty,"  etc.  Again  "  And  I  do  believe,  and  in  conscience  am  resolv 
ed,  that  neither  the  Pope,  nor  any  person  whatsoever,  hath  power  to 
absolve  me  of  this  oath,"  etc. 

1  Copy,  from  original,  in  British  Public  Record  Office. 


62     THE  FOUNDERS  OP  MARYLAND. 

messenger  with  letters  from  London,  and  from  this  it 
seemed  as  if  they  were  ever  contriving  to  delay  us." 

After  the  ships  had  been  at  sea  several  weeks,  Cecil 
Lord  Baltimore  wrote  to  his  deceased  father's  intimate 
friend,  Wentworth,  known  in  history  as  Earl  of 
Strafford,  the  following  account  of  the  difficulties  of 
sending  out  the  first  ships  to  his  Plantation  : 

"  After  many  difficulties  since  your  Lordship's  de 
parture  from  hence,  in  the  proceedings  of  my  Planta 
tion  wherein  I  felt  your  Lordship's  absence,  I  have  at 
last  sent  away  my  ships,  and  have  deferred  my  going 
till  another  time,  and  indeed   my  Lord,  my  ships  are 
gone  ;  after  having  been   so  many   ways  troubled  by 
my  adversaries,  after  they  had   endeavored  to  over 
throw  my  business  at  the  Council  Board,   after  they 
had  informed  by  several  means  some  of  tho  Lords  of 
the  Council  that  I  intended  to  carry  over  nuns  into 
Spain,  and  soldiers  to  serve  that  King,  which  I  believe 
your  Lordship  will  laugh  at,  as  well  they  did,  after 
they  had  gotten  Mr.  Attorney  General  to  make  an  in 
formation  in  the  Star-Chamber  that   my  ships  were 
departed  from  Gravesend  without  any  cockets  from 
the  Custom  House,  and  in  contempt  of  all  authority, 
my  people  abusing  the  King's  officers,  and  refusing  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  ;  whereupon  their  Lord 
ships  sent   present   order  to  several   captains  of  the 
King's  ships  who  lay  in  the  Downs,  to  seaich  for  my 
ships  in  the  river,  and  to  follow  them  into  the  narrow 


SECOND  LORD  BALTIMORE.  63 

seas,  if  they  were  gone  out,  and  to  bring  them  back  to 
Gravesend,  which  they  did,  and  all  this  done  before  I 
knew  anything  of  it,  but  imagined  all  the  while  that 
my  ships  were  well  advanced  on  their  voyage ;  but 
not  to  trouble  your  Lordship  with  too  many  circum 
stances,  I,  as  soon  as  I  had  notice  of  it,  made  it  plainly 
appear  unto  their  Lordships,  that  Mr.  Attorney  was 
abused  and  misinformed,  and  that  there  was  not  any 
just  cause  of  complaint  in  any  of  the  former  accusa 
tions,  and  that  every  one  of  them  was  most  notoriously 
and  maliciously  false,  whereupon  they  were  pleased  to 
restore  my  ships  to  their  former  liberty. 

"  After  they  had  likewise  corrupted  and  seduced  my 
mariners,  and  defamed  the  business  all  they  could  by 
their  scandalous  reports,  I  have  as  I  said,  at  last,  by 
the  help  of  some  of  your  Lordship's  good  friends  and 
mine,  overcome  these  difficulties,  and  sent  a  hopeful 
colony  into  Maryland  with  a  fair  and  probable  expecta 
tion  of  good  success,  however  without  any  danger  of 
any  great  prejudice  unto  myself,  in  respect  that  others 
are  joined  with  me  in  the  adventure.  There  are  two 
of  my  brothers  gone,  with  very  near  twenty  other  gen 
tlemen  of  very  good  fashion,  and  three  hundred  labor 
ing  men  well  provided  in  all  things."1 

The  following  were  the  few  persons  above  the  con 
dition  of  laboring  men  : 


Stafford's  Letters. 


64  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Leonard  Calvert,  Governor.  Frederick  Winter. 

Thomas  Cornwallis,  Commissioner.  John  Saunders. 
Jerome  Hawley,  *'  Thomas  Dorrell. 

Andrew  White,  Priest.  Edward  Cranfield. 

John  Altham,aliasGravener,  Priest.  Capt.  John  Hill. 
George  Calvert,  Baltimore's  brother.  Henry  Green. 
Justinian  Snow,  Factor.  John  Medcalf. 

Henry  Wiseman.  Nicholas  Fairfax. 

Richard  Gerard.  William  Saire. 

Edward  Winter.  John  Baxter. 

Fairfax  and  others  died  before  they  reached  their 
destination,  others  survived  but  a  little  while  after 
landing,  and  some  left  the  Plantation. 

Saunders,  the  partner  of  Cornwallis  in  business,  died 
soon  after  arrival  in  Maryland,  the  brothers  of  Sir 
John  Winter  lived  but  two  or  three  years,1  George 
Calvert  went  to  Virginia  and  was  in  sympathy  with 
Clayborne,  and  died  before  the  year  1653,2  Richard 
Gerard  who  was  about  twenty  years  of  age  when  he 
landed  at  St.  Mary,  remained  in  America  about  one 
year.  During  the  civil  war  in  England  he  adhered  to 
the  King  and  was  Governor  of  Denbigh  Castle.  After 
the  restoration  of  monarchy,  he  was  made  one  of  the 
cup  bearers  of  Charles  the  Second.3 

1  Annapolis  MSS. 

a  In  the  statement  of  Lord  Baltimore's  Case,  published  in  London 
in  1653,  it  is  stated,  that  both  of  his  brothers,  Leonard  and  George 
Calvert,  had  died  in  America. 

8  Foster's  Lancashire. 


OP  THK         ^ 

TJNIVEHSIT 
A 


GOVERNOR  LEONARD  CALVERT. 


X  HE  Government  of  thePlantation  was  entrusted  by 
Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore,  to  his  brother  Leonard  Calvert 
as  Deputy,  with  two  commissioners,  Thomas  Cornwallis 
and  Jerome  Hawley,  as  friends  and  advisers. 

Leonard  Calvert  was  the  second  son  of  George  Cal 
vert  the  first  Lord  Baltimore,  born  about  A.D.,  1606, 
and  thus  twenty-eight  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his 
landing  at  Saint  Mary.  In  early  life  he  had  lived  in 
Ireland,  and  in  the  spring  of  1629  under  a  letter  of 
marque,  sailed  in  the  ship  St.  Claude  for  Newfound 
land,  and  it  was  in  this  ship  probably,  that  his  father 
and  family  went  to  Virginia,  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year.1 

His  life  as  Governor  of  Maryland  was  not  distin 
guished  for  boldness  and  originality,  and  his  relative 
George  Evelyn  the  Commander  of  Kent  Island  once 
sueeringly  said,  "  Who  was  his  grandfather  but  a  gra 
zier  ?  what  was  his  father  ?  what  was  Leonard  Cal 
vert  himself  at  school  but  a  dunce  and  a  blockhead."2 

He  appears  to  have  been  greatly  under  the  influence 
of  Margaret  Brent,  a  strong-minded  woman,  who  on 

1  See  Page  42. 

2  Streeter's  Evelyn. 


66  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

November  22, 1638,  arrived  in  Maryland  with  her  sister 
Mary,  and  brothers  Fulk  and  Giles. 

Cecil  Lord  Baltimore,  in  1639  was  so  poor,  that  he 
and  his  wife  and  children  were  obliged  to  live  at  the 
house  of  his  father-in-law,  Earl  Arundel,1  and  his 
brother  Leonard,  when  he  died  on  the  9th  of  June 
1647,  was  far  from  rich. 

His  successor  as  the  head  of  the  Province,  Thomas 
Green,  has  left  on  record  an  interesting  statement  of 
the  last  events  of  his  life.  About  six  hours  before  he 
expired,  in  Green's  presence  he  said  to  Margaret  Brent, 
"  I  make  you  my  sole  executor.  Take  all,  and  pay  all." 
After  these  words  he  desired  all  to  leave  the  room, 
but  Margaret  with  whom  he  had  private  conference. 
When  Green  was  again  invited  to  his  bed-side,  he 
heard  him  say  "I  give  my  wearing  clothes  to  James 
Lindsay  and  Richard  William  my  servants,  specifying 
his  cloth  suit  to  Richard  William,  and  his  black  suit 
to  James  Lindsay,  and  his  wearing  linen  to  be  divided 
between  them.  I  give  my  colt  to  my  godson  Leonard 
Green,"  and  also  requested  that  the  first  mare  colt  that 
should  fall,  be  given  to  Mrs.  Temperance  Pypott  of 
Virginia."2 

Under  this  nuncupative  will,  Margaret  Brent  claimed 
and  held  the  house  in  which  Governor  Calvert  resided. 


1  Bruce's  State  Papers. 
a  Annapolis  Manuscripts. 


LEONARD  CALVERT'S  WILL.  67 

Recognized  by  the  Maryland  Assembly  of  1648,  as 
the  attorney  of  Governor  Calvert,  she  demanded  a  vote 
in  that  body,  against  which  Governor  Green  protested. 
With  masculine  vigor,  she  then  claimed  to  be  the 
representative  of  the  Lord  Proprietary,  and,  in  turn, 
protested  against  all  the  acts  of  the  Assembly. 

Lord  Baltimore  was  displeased  at  her  position  and 
wrote  "  bitter  invectives,"  but  the  Assembly  of  1649, 
defended  her,  with  a  gallantry  worthy  of  the  courtiers 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.  They  stated  to  the  Proprietary 
in  England:  "As  for  Mistress  Brent's  undertaking, 
and  meddling  with  your  estate,  we  do  verily  believe, 
and  in  conscience  report,  that  it  was  better  for  the 
colony's  safety,  at  that  time,  in  her  hands,  than  in  any 
man's  else,1  in  the  whole  Province,  after  your  brother's 
death ;  for  the  soldiers  would  never  have  treated  any 
other  with  that  civility  and  respect,  and  though  they 
was  ever  ready  at  several  times  to  run  into  mutiny, 
yet  she  still  pacified  them,  till  at  last  things  were 
brought  to  that  strait,  that  she  must  be  admitted  and 
declared  your  Lordship's  attorney,  by  order  of  Court." 

In  the  early  records,  there  is  a  notice  of  this  lady 
journeying,  in  May,  1643,  to  the  Isle  of  Kent,  ac 
companied  by  Anne  a  lame  maid  servant  of  Sir  Ed 
mund  Plowden.  Until  late  in  life,  the  Attorney  of 


1  The  expression  "  any  man's  else  "  may  be  a  slip  of  the  pen,  not  a 
pun. 


68     THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Leonard  Calvert  retained  her  powers  of  fascination. 
When  fifty-seven  years  old,  in  1658,  she  states  to  the 
Provincial  Court,  "that  Thomas  White  lately  deceased 
out  of  the  tender  love  and  affection  he  bore  unto  the 
petitioner,  intended  if  he  had  lived  to  have  married 
her,  and  did  by  his  last  will  give  unto  the  said  peti 
tioner  his  whole  estate  which  he  was  possessed  of  in 
his  life  time."1  Three  years  after  this,  she  was  alive, 
but  the  precise  date  of  the  death  of  Leonard  Calvert's 
best  friend,  has  not  been  ascertained. 


Annapolis  Manuscripts. 


THOMAS  CORNWALLIS,  COMMISSIONER 


COMMISSIONER  Thomas  Cornwallis  was  the 
most  prominent  of  the  founders  of  Maryland.  In 
mental  endowments,  well  known  ancestry,  and 
worldly  goods,  he  had  no  superior. 

His  grandfather  was  Sir  Charles  Cornwallis,1  distin- 

1  CORNWALLIS    PEDIGREE. 

Sir  THOMAS  CORNWALLIS,  Kt.  Comptroller  of  the  Household 
of  Queen  Mary.  Married  Anne  daughter  of  Sir  John  Jer- 
ningham.  Died  1604.  Had  two  sons,  and  three  daughters. 


Sir  WILLIAM.  Sir  CHARLES.  Knighted  by  King  James  and 

Ambassador  to  Spain.Married  Elizabeth  dau. 
of  Thomas  Fincham,  Esq.     Had  two  sons. 


Sir  WILLIAM,  Kt. ,  married 
Catharine  daughter  of  Sir  Philip 
Parker  of  Erwarton,  Suffolk.  Had 
six  sons  and  five  daughters. 


THOMAS,  married  Anne  dau.  of 
Samuel  Bevercott  of  Ordsallnear 
Scrooby,  and  probably  sister  of 
Sam'l  the  postmaster  of  Scrooby, 
before s William  Brewster  who  be 
came  the  head  of  the  first  Puri 
tan  colony  in  America. 


THOMAS,  3d  son,  Com'r  of 
Maryland. 

A  brother  of  the  Maryland  Commissioner  was  Rector  of  a  Suffolk 
Parish,  and  on  a  brass  tablet  in  the  church  is  a  Latin  inscription  which 
translated  reads  : 

"  Here  are  placed  the  remains  of  the  holy  man  Philip  Cornwaleys, 
former  Rector  of  this  Church,  youngest  son  of  William  Cornwaleys, 
Knight.  Died  Dec.  30,  1688." 

In  the  grave  yard  there  is  a  stone  in  memory  of  "  Frances  y  wife  of 
Samuel  Richardson,  Clerk,  daughter  of  Thomas  Cornwallis  Esq.,  died 
June  24,  1684,"  who  was  probably  the  aunt  of  the  Maryland  Com 
missioner. 


70  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

guished  as  the  English  Ambassador  at  the  court  of 
Spain,  and  subsequently  as  the  Treasurer  of  King 
James'  son,  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales.  In  1614,  he  fell 
under  the  displeasure  of  the  King,  because  he  sympa 
thized  with  certain  members  of  Parliament,  who  were 
opposed  to  the  marriage  of  Prince  Charles  with  a 
daughter  of  the  King  of  France,  and  the  suppression 
of  faithful  Puritan  ministers. 

His  father  Sir  William,  K't,  was  noted  for  his  literary 
tastes,  and  printed  essays.  The  Commissioner  was 
born  in  1603,  and  was  thirty-one  years  of  age,  when 
he  landed  on  the  shores  of  the  Potomac. 

In  1635,  he  commanded  the  expedition  against  the 
Virginians,  trading  in  the  Chesapeake.1 

After  Evelyn  became  Commander  of  Kent  Island, 
on  Dec.  3d,  1637,  he  was  licensed  to  trade  with  the 
Indians,  and  shipped  in  the  pinnace  St.  Thomas  for 
that  island,  axes,  and  other  articles  in  the  name  of  his 
fellow  commissioner  Jerome  Hawley. 

The  Charter  of  Maryland  conferred  monarchical 
power  upon  the  Proprietary.  It  authorized  him  to 
prepare  laws,  and  submit  them  to  any  legislature  con 
vened,  and  dissolved  at  his  pleasure.  In  1637,  Lord 
Baltimore  instructed  Governor  Calvert  to  call  a  legis 
lature,  and  present  a  code  of  laws  sent  out  from  Eng 
land,  for  their  acceptance.  In  January,  1638,  the 
Assembly  convened  pursuant  to  notice.  The  Governor, 
1  See  page  51. 


MONARCHICAL  POWERS.  71 

and  Secretary  Lewger,1  although  but  few  members 
were  present,  desired  that  the  laws  prepared  by  the' 
Proprietary  should  be  assented  to  after  a  single 
reading,  to  which  Cornwallis  objected.  The  Governor 
continued  to  press  the  question,  but  when  the  vote 
was  taken,  a  large  majority  refused,  at  that  time,  to 
accept  the  laws.  After  a  brief  adjournment,  the  as 
sembly  met  in  February,  and  the  delegates  then  re 
solved  that  all  laws  should  be  read  three  times  on  three 
several  days,  before  a  vote  should  be  taken,  and  they 
also  expressed  a  wish  that  all  bills  might  emanate 
from  their  own  committee.  Governor  Calvert,  restive 
at  the  independence  of  the  members,  again  proposed  to 
adjourn,  which  Cornwallis  described  in  a  pamphlet  of 
the  day  as  "  that  noble,  right  valiant,  and  politic  sol- 


1  Wood  in  AtJiena  Oxoniensis  states  that  John  Lewger,  the  first 
Secretary  of  the  Province  was  born  in  London  1602  and  took  the  degree 
ofA.B.  in  1619  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  in  1622  was  made 
A.M.  Became  a  Bachelor  of  Divinity  on  the  same  day  as  Phil.  Nye, 
the  prominent  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines.  In 
1632  he  was  a  Rector  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Essex,  but  under 
the  influence  of  Chillingworth  became  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  soon 
after,  Chillingworth  renounced  the  Church  of  Rome  and  wrote  a  book 
in  which  he  states  :  "  The  Bible,  and  that  only,  is  the  religion  of  Pro 
testants,  and  every  one  by  making  use  of  the  helps  and  assistances 
that  God  has  placed  in  his  hands,  must  learri  that,  and  understand  it 
for  himself,  as  well  as  he  can." 

Lewger  after  joining  the  Roman  Church  was  appointed  by  his 
college  classmate  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore,  Secretary  of  Maryland  and  in 
November  1637  arrived  with  his  wife,  and  son  John  aged  nine  years, 
Martha  Williamson  a  maid  servant,  and  several  others. 

The  Annapolis  Records  mention  Cicely  and  Elizabeth  Lewger  who 
were  probably  born  in  the  Province.  The  wife  of  the  Secretary  died 


72  THE  FOUNDERS   OF  MARYLAND. 

dier"  opposed,  and  said  "  that  they  could  not  spend 
their  time  in  any  business  better  than  this  for  the 
country's  good." 

The  Governor  replied  that  he  would  be  accountable 
to  no  man,  and  adjourned  the  Assembly  until  the  5th 
of  March.  The  freemen  then  convened  and  after  pass 
ing  such  Acts  as  they  approved,  on  the  19th,  the  As 
sembly  was  dissolved. 

Lord  Baltimore  now  receded  from  his  arbitrary  po 
sition,  and  told  his  brother  that  he  would  assent  to  all 
laws  enacted  by  the  Provincial  legislature,  not  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  England,  subject  to  the  final  approval 
of  the  Proprietary. 

The  next  legislature  convened  in  February  1639, 
and  enacted  the  law  of  England  "  that  Holy  Church 
shall  have  and  enjoy  all  her  rights,  liberties  and  fran- 


in  a  few  years,  and  soon  after  the  civil  war  broke  out  under  Ingle  he 
went  back  to  England  and  never  returned.  Being  a  widower  he  entered 
the  priesthood  and  lived  at  Lord  Baltimore's  house  in  London.  Ben 
jamin  Denham,  the  Earl  of  Winchester's  Chaplain  in  1G67  writes: 
"  All  that  is  treated  of  in_the  Privy  Council  about  Roman  Catholics  is 
discovered  to  Lord  Brudenell,  and  Lord  Baltimore,  Governor  of  Mary 
land,  whose  Chaplain,  an  English  recusant,  now  a  Romish  priest,  was 
one  of  the  vice-gerents  there  in  Charles  the  First's  time." — 
Green's  State  Papers.  He  died  about  this  period. 

John  Lewger  Jr.  remained  in  the  Province,  and  when  twenty  years 
of  age,  acted  as  temporary  clerk  of  the  Assembly  of  1647-48.  By  pro 
fession  he  was  a  Surveyor.  On  August  28th,  1650,  he  secured  the  house 
which  had  been  his  Father's  at  Saint  Mary.  In  his  will  dated  Nov. 
6,  1669,  he  alludes  to  his  "  loving  wife  Martha,"  his  sons  William  and 
John,  and  gives  his  daughter  Elizabeth  "his  cow  Muley." —  See 
Annapolis  Manuscripts. 


THE  CORNWALLIS  MANSION.  73 

chises  wholly  and  without  blemish "  which  Church 
under  the  charter,  was  the  Church  of  England. 

Soon  after  Cornwallis  had  finished  a  substantial 
brick  house,  the  best  in  the  colony,  in  1640,  he  visited 
England,  and  in  December,  1641,  returned  to  Mary 
land,  in  a  ship,  commanded  by  Captain  Richard  Ingle, 
and  took  his  seat  in  the  legislature  which  in  March, 
1642,  was  convened. 

The  very  first  step  of  this  Assembly  was  to  declare 
that  it  could  not  be  adjourned  without  its  consent, 
another  advance  in  the  direction  of  republicanism. 

The  next  year  an  order  was  issued  to  the  Colonial 
Surveyor  "  to  lay  out  4000  acres  of  land  in  any  part  of 
Patowmack  river  upward  of  Port  Tobacco  creek,  for 
Capt.  Cornwaleys." 

Owing  to  an  order  for  reorganization  of  the  govern 
ment  received  from  Lord  Baltimore,  Governor  Calvert 
convened  an  Assembly  on  the  5th  of  September  1642. 
Under  the  reconstruction,  Cornwallis  was  designated 
as  a  Councillor  but  "  he  absolutely  refused  to  take  the 
oath  of  a  Councillor  according  to  the  requirements  of 
the  last  commission." 

In  the  spring  of  1643,  Leonard  Calvert  sailed  for 
England  and  Giles  Brent  became  acting  Governor,  who 
commissioned  Cornwallis  to  lead  an  expedition  against 
the  Susquehanna  Indians.  The  author  of  Nova  Al 
bion  writes,  that  with  fifty-three  "  raw  and  tired 
10 


74  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Mary  landers"  he  met  two  hundred  and  fifty  Indians 
and  killed  twenty-nine. 

In  November  1643,  a  London  ship  commanded  by 
Richard  Ingle  sailed  for  America.  Upon  its  arrival 
at  Saint  Mary,  by  virtue  of  a  commission  granted  by 
Charles  the  First,  acting  Governor  Brent  captured  the 
vessel,  Ingle  escaping,  and  tendered  the  crew  an  oath 
against  Parliament.  In  January  1644,  he  summoned 
Ingle  to  yield  his  body  to  the  Sheriff"  of  Saint  Mary 
County  to  answer  for  treason  against  his  Majesty,  but 
he  did  not  appear,  and  left  the  Province. 

When  the  war  between  the  King  and  Parliament 
commenced,  Cornwallis  was  living  with  more  comfort 
and  elegance  than  any  one  in  Maryland.  In  his  own 
language:  uBy  God's  blessing  upon  his  endeavors, 
he  had  acquired  a  settled  and  comfortable  subsistence 
having  a  comfortable  dwelling  house  furnished  with 
plate,  linen  hangings,  bedding,  brass,  pewter,  and  all 
manner  of  household  stuff*,  worth  at  least  a  thousand 
pounds,  about  twenty  servants,  at  least  a  hundred 
breed  cattle,  a  great  stock  of  swine  and  goats,  some 
sheep  and  horses,  a  new  pinnace  about  twenty  tons, 
well  rigged  and  fitted,  besides  a  new  shallop  and  other 
small  boats." 

Appointing  Cuthbert  Fenwick  his  agent  he  sailed 
for  England  in  April,  1644,  where  he  found  his  cousin 
Sir  Frederick  Cornwallis  one  of  the  best  friends 
of  King  Charles,  and  Governor  Leonard  Calvert  who 


INGLE'S  PETITION.  75 

did  not  return  to  Maryland  until  the  following  Sep 
tember. 

Ingle,  smarting  under  the  seizure  of  his  ship,  was 
commissioned  hy  Parliament,  to  cruise  in  the  waters  of 
the  Chesapeake,  against  malignants  as  the  friends  of 
the  King  were  called,  and  in  February  1645,  appearep 
in  the  ship  Reformation,  near  St.  Inigo  creek,  when 
there  was  an  uprising  in  favor  of  Parliament,  in 
which  all  the  servants  of  Cornwallis  participated,  ex 
cept  some  negroes  and  a  tailor  named  Richard  Hervey- 
Fenwick,  his  agent,  was  taken  aboard  Ingle's  ship,  and 
a  party  led  by  John  Sturman,  his  son  Thomas,  and 
William  Hardwick  took  possession  of  the  mansion, 
burned  the  fences,  killed  the  swine,  took  the  cattle, 
wrenched  off' the  locks  from  the  doors,  and  damaged 
his  estate  to  the  amount  of  two  or  three  thousand 
pounds.  When  Ingle  returned  to  England  with  Father 
White  the  Jesuit  as  a  prisoner,  Cornwallis,  who  was 
there,  instituted  a  suit  against  him,  which  called  forth 
in  February,  1646,  the  following  memorial  to  the 
Lords  in  Parliament  assembled. 

"  The  humble  petition  of  Richard  Ingle,  showing 
That  whereas  the  petitioner,  having  taken  the  cove 
nant,  and  going  out  with  letters  of  marque,  as  Cap 
tain  of  the  ship  the  Reformation,  of  London,  and 
sailing  to  Maryland,  where,  finding  the  Governor  of 
that  Province  to  have  received  a  commission  from 
Oxford  to  seize  upon  all  ships  belonging  to  London, 


76  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

and  to  execute  a  tyrannical  power  against  the  Protest 
ants,  and  such  as  adhered  to  the  Parliament,  and  to 
press  wicked  oaths  upon  them,  and  to  endeavor  their 
extirpation,  the   petitioner,   conceiving   himself,    not 
only  by  his  warrant,  but  in  his  fidelity  to  the  Parlia 
ment,  to  be  conscientiously  obliged  to  come  to  their 
assistance,  did  venture  his  life  and  fortune  in  landing 
his  men  and  assisting  the  said  well  affected  Protest 
ants  against  the  Raid  tyrannical  government  and  the 
Papists  and  malignants.     It   pleased  God  to  enable 
him  to  take  divers  places  from   them,  and  to  make 
him  a  support  to  the  said  well  affected.     But  since  his 
return  to  England,  the  said  Papists  and    malignants, 
conspiring     together,    have    brought    fictitious    acts 
against  him,   at  the   common    law,  in   the  name  of 
Thomas  Cornwallis  and  others,  for  pretended  trespass 
in  taking  away  their  goods,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Chris 
topher's,  London,  which  are  the  very  goods  that  were 
by  force  of  war  justly  and  lawfully  taken  from  these 
wicked  Papists  and  malignants  in  Maryland,  and  with 
which  he  relieved  the  poor  distressed  Protestants  there, 
who  otherwise  must  have  starved,  and  been  rooted  out. 
"  Now,  forasmuch  as  your  Lordships  in  Parliament 
of  State,  by  the  order  annexed,  were  pleased  to  direct 
an  ordinance  to  be  framed  for  the  settlement  of  the 
said  province  of  Maryland,  under  the  Committee  of 
Plantations,  and  for  the  indemnity  of  the  actors  in  it, 
and  for  that  such  false  and  feigned  actions  for  matters 


CORNWALLIS  SERVANTS.  77 

of  war  acted  in  foreign  parts,  are  not  tryable  at  common 
law,  but,  if  at  all,  before  the  Court  and  Marshall ;  and 
for  that  it  would  be  a  dangerous  example  to  permit 
Papists  and  malignants  to  bring  actions  of  trespass  or 
otherwise  against  the  well  affected  for  fighting  and 
standing  for  the  Parliament : 

"  The  petitioner  most  humbly  beseecheth  your  Lord 
ships  to  be  pleased  to  direct  that  this  business  may  be 
heard  before  your  Lordships  at  the  bar,  or  to  refer  it 
to  a  committee  to  report  the  true  state  of  the  case,  and 
to  order  that  the  said  suits  against  the  petitioner  at  the 
common  law  may  be  staid,  and  no  further  proceeded  in." 

For  eight  years  Cornwallis  attended  to  business  in 
London,  and  in  1652  returned  to  Maryland,  now  under 
the  control  of  the  friends  of  Parliament,  to  demand  com 
pensation  for  injuries  done  by  certain  persons  to  his 
property,  during  the  Ingle  revolution.  To  secure  the 
amount  of  land  due  to  him,  for  the  transportation  of 
servants,  the  following  memorandum  was  filed. 

SERVANTS  BROUGHT  A.D.  1634, 

Twelve  in  the  Ark,  besides  five  more  received  by 
the  death  of  his  partner,  John  Saunders. 

The  same  year  brought  from  Virginia 
Cuthbert  Fenwick.1  John  Norton,  Sr.3 

Christopher  Martin.2  John  Norton,  Jr. 


1  Member  of  Assembly  1638,  and  other  years. 
1 A  tailorj;  Assemblyman  in  1638. 
1  Assemblyman  in  1638. 


78  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

A.D.  1635. 

Zachary  Mottershead.1  "Walter  Waterling.2 

John  Gage,2  Francis  Yan  Eyden. 

A.D.  1636. 

John  Cook.  Eichard  Hill. 

Tho.  York,  killed  at  Nantioke.     Restitutia  Tue.3 
Daniel  docker.2 

A.D.  1637. 

Charles  Maynard.  Ann  Wiggin. 

Stephen  Gray.  Alice  Moreman.4 

Francis  Shirley. 

A.  D.  1639. 

Nicholas  Gwyther.5  William  Freak. 

Edmund  Jaques.  Morris  Freeman. 

Richard  Farmer.  Jeremiah  Coote, 

Edmund  Deering.  Martha  Jackson. 

George,  a  tailor. 

A.D.  1640. 

William  Durford.  Edward  Matthews. 

Henry  Brooke.  Hannah  Ford. 

George,  a  Smith. 


1  Assemblyman  in  1638. 

3  Signer  of  Protestant  Declaration  in  1648. 


8  Married  in  1639  to  John  Hollis. 

4  Married  in  1639  to  Francis  Gray,  carpenter,  who  was  in    Assem 
bly,  of  1638. 
6  Sheriff  of  St.  Mary  County. 


CORNWALLIS  SERVANTS.  79 

A.D.  1641. 

Francis  Anthill.  Edward  Ward. 

Richard  Harvey.1  Robert  King. 

Charles  Rawlinson.  Mary  Phillips. 

Richard  Harris.  John  Wheatley. 

Thomas  Harrison.  Wheatley's  wife. 

A.D.  1642. 

Thomas  Rockwood.  Elizabeth  Batte. 

John  Rockwood. 

A.D.  1646. 

Magdalene  Wittle. 

A.D.  1651. 

Robert  Curtis.  John  Maylande. 

William  Sinckleare.  John  Eston. 

Thomas  Frisell.  Sarah  Lindle. 
William  Wells. 

In  another  memorandum  he  mentions  the  follow 
ing  persons : 

A.D.  1633-34. 

John  Hallowes.  Roger  Walter. 

John  Holden.  Roger  Morgan. 

Josias,  drowned. 

A.D.  1635. 

William  Penshoot.  Richard  Brown. 

Richard  Cole.  Richard  Brock. 

John  Medley.2 

In  a  memorial  to  the  Assembly  of  Maryland  Corn- 


JA  tailor. 

9  In  Legislature  A.D.,  1647. 


80  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

wallis  uses  this  language :  "  It  is  well  known,  he 
hath  at  his  great  cost  and  charges,  from  the  first  plant 
ing  of  this  Province  for  the  space  of  twenty-eight  }^ears, 
been  one  of  the  greatest  propagators  and  increasers 
thereof,  by  the  yearly  transportation  of  servants, 
whereof  divers  have  been  of  very  good  rank  and 
quality,  towards  whom  and  the  rest  he  hath  always 
been  so  careful  to  discharge  a  good  conscience,  in  the 
true  performance  of  his  promise  and  obligations,  that 
he  was  never  taxed  with  any  breach  thereof,  though  it 
is  also  well  known  and  he  doth  truly  aver  it,  that  the 
charge  of  so  great  a  family,  as  he  hath  always  main 
tained  was  never  defrayed  by  their  labor."1 

He  appears  now  to  be  making  arrangements  for 
building  on  the  point  of  the  Potomac,  above  Potopaco. 
A  contract  was  made  on  November  23,  1652,  with 
Cornelius  Canada  brickmaker,  and  former  servant  of 
Governor  Green,  to  deliver  thirty-six  thousand  sound, 
well  burned  bricks,  before  a  certain  day  in  June, 
1653,  and  another  twenty-four  thousand  before  the 
24th  of  June,  1654.2 

In  1654,  he  again  visited  England,  and  before  he  re 
turned,  was  married  to  a  young  maiden,  Penelope, 
daughter  of  John  Wiseman  of  Middle  Temple,  and 
Tyrrels,  in  county  Essex.3  The  marriage  probably 

1  Annapolis  Manuscripts. 

a  Private  Correspondence  of  Jane,  Lady  Cornwattis,  1613-1664. 
London,  1843. 


CORNWALLIS  POSTERITY.  81 

took  place  in  1657,  his  wife  at  that  time  being  twenty- 
one  years  of  age. 

In  1658  he  appears  in  Maryland  with  his  young  wife, 
arid  early  in  1059,  left,  never  to  return.  His  affairs  in 
the  Province,  were  entrusted  to  an  attorney,  and  he 
began  to  be  designated  as  a  "  merchant  of  London." 

In  Norfolk  County,  England,  there  is  a  place  called 
Maryland  Point,  named  by  a  retired  American  mer 
chant  who  built  a  house  there,  and  that  person  is  sup 
posed  to  have  been  Thomas  Coruwallis  of  Burnham 
Thorpe,  the  best  and  wisest  of  the  founders  of  Mary 
land.  He  died  in  1676  at  the  age  of  seventy-two, 
leaving  a  widow  forty  years  of  age,  by  whom  he  had 
four  sons  and  six  daughters. 

His  second  sou  Thomas  born  in  1662,  just  after  his 
mother's  return  from  Maryland,  was  a  clergyman  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  died  in  1731,  Eector  of  a 
parish  in  Suffolk. 

A  son  of  the  Suffolk  Reetor,  William,  born  in  1708, 
also  became  a  clergyman  and  died  in  1746,  Eector  of 
Chelmondester,  Suffolk. 

William's  son,  William,  born  in  1751,  followed  in 
the  footsteps  of  his  father  and  grandfather  and  became 
Rector  of  Wittershamand  Elam,  Kent.  His  wife  Mary 
was  a  woman  of  piety  and  culture,  and  published 
"  Observations  on  the  canonical  Scriptures,"  the  last 
edition  of  which  was  published  in  1828,  in  four  volumes. 

His  daughter  Caroline  Frances,  was  a  Greek  and 
11 


82  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Hebrew  scholar,  poetess,  brilliant  writer,  and  friend  of 
Sismondi.  She  wrote  the  article  on  Wycliffe  and  his 
Times,  in  the  Westminster  Review  of  July  1854,  and 
on  the  Capabilities  and  Disabilities  of  Woman,  in  January 
1857,  and  was  the  authoress  of  Pericles,  a  tale  of  Athens, 
a  Prize  Essay  on  Juvenile  Delinquency,  and  a  series  of 
valuable  works  on  physiology,  Greek  philosophy,  and 
the  development  of  Christian  doctrine  and  practice, 
published  as  Small  Books  on  Great  Subjects.1 

She  died  unmarried  in  1858,  the  last  descendant  of 
Thomas,  the  second  son  of  the  prudent  Commissioner 
of  Maryland. 


Letters  of  Caroline  Frances  Cornwallis,  London,  1864. 


JEROME  HAWLEY,  COMMISSIONER. 


EROME  Hawley  was  the  joint  commissioner 
with  Cornwallis,  in  settling  the  Province  of  Maryland. 
He  was  the  son  of  James  Hawley  of  Brentford  near 
London,  and  seems  when  a  young  man  to  have  had 
some  connection  with  the  trial  of  the  dissolute  wife  of 
the  Earl  of  Somerset,  for  conspiring  to  poison  the  poet 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  the  nephew  of  the  person  after 
whom  Palmer's  Island,  in  the  Susquehanna,  was  named. 
Among  the  British  State  Papers,  there  is  an  order  to 
the  commissioners  in  the  Overbury  Case,  from  King 
James,  datedKovember  25, 1615,  directing  that  "Jerome 
son  of  James  Hawley  now  close  prisoner  in  the  Gate 
House,  be  released,  on  condition  of  his  not  going 
farther  than  his  father's  house  at  Brentford.1 

About  this  time,  Jerome  Hawley  reported  that  Sir 
John  Leeds  and  wife  declared,  that  the  King  "  was 
unwieldy,  could  not  unlock  a  door,  but  might  jump 
out  of  the  window,"  and  Lady  Leeds  further  said,  she 
would  speak  treason,  because  the  King  said  "  most 
women  were  atheists  or  papists.'52 


Green  State  Papers.  *  Green  State  Papers. 


84  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

After  the  accession  of  Charles  the  First  to  the  throne, 
he  was  one  of  the  sewers  or  superintendent  of  the  ban 
quets  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria. 

His  brother  Henry,  by  the  influence  of  the  Puritan 
Earl  of  Warwick,  became  Governor  of  Barbadoes  in 
1636,  and  while  he  was  visiting  England  in  1638 
another  brother,  William,  acted  as  Deputy.1 

After  Cornwallis  killed  some  of  the  Virginians  in 
Maryland  waters,  Jerome  Hawley  immediately  sailed 
for  England  to  defend  the  action  of  his  fellow  com 
missioner,  and  in  June  1635  arrived  in  London,  and 
appeared  before  the  Privy  Council.  He  remained  there 
for  a  long  period,  and  on  the  27th  of  June  1636,  pro 
posed  to  meet  the  King  at  Court,  on  the  next  Sunday, 
to  make  some  proposals  relative  to  the  tobacco  trade, 
and  on  the  4th  of  August,  an  order  was  issued  to  the 
Governor  and  Council  of  Virginia,that  all  tobacco  should 
be  consigned  to  London  in  English  ships,  and  duly 
inspected.  Early  the  next  year,  Jerome  Hawley  was 
appointed  to  receive  the  annual  rent  of  twelve  pence, 
upon  every  fifty  acres  of  land  granted  in  Virginia,  and 
was  made  Treasurer  of  the  Colony.  Arriving  at 
Jamestown  he  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  entered 
upon  his  duties. 

On  February  26,  1638,  one  George  Reade  writes  to 
his  brother,  a  clerk  of  Secretary  Windebauk :  "  Mr. 


Sainsbury  Papers. 


JAMES  HAWLEY'S  LETTE 

Hawley  has  not  proved  the  man  he  took 

ing  neither  given  any  satisfaction  for  money,  received 

of  him,  nor  brought  him  any  servants." 

In  the  summer  of  1638  Treasurer  Hawley  died,  and 
Thomas  Cornwallis  was  the  administrator  of  his  estate. 
From  the  account  of  administration  rendered  on  April 
20,  1639,  it  is  evident  that  Hawley  was  poor.  His 
brother  William,  removed  from  Barbadoes,  and  in 
1650,  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Protestant  Declara 
tion.  The  following  letter  of  James,  another  brother 
of  Jerome  living  at  Brentford  has  been  preserved,1 
addressed  to  Captain  William  Hawley. 

u  Loving  Brother :  I  received  lately  a  letter  from 
you  dated  the  26th  of  February  last,  by  which,  to  un 
derstand  of  your  good  health  doth  much  gladden  me. 
As  concerning  your  intent  for  Maryland  I  do  like  well 
of  it,  and  do  herewith  send  you  the  copy  of  writings 
betwixt  my  brother  Jerome  deceased,  and  myself  from 
which  will  appear  a  large  sum  of  money  to  be  due  unto 
me,  from  him,  which  by  virtue  of  my  power  of  attorney, 
I  do  authorize  you  to  receive  in  my  behalf. 

"  Upon  the  decease  of  my  brother  Jerome,  one  Corn 
wallis  did  seize  upon  his  estate,  pretending  that  he  was 
indebted  unto  him,  but  I  am  informed  it  was  only  a 
doubtful  pretence,  to  defraud  me. 

"  If  by  your  means,  anything  may  be  gotten,  I  will 


Annapolis  Manuscripts. 


86  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

assist  you  for  the  present.  My  brother  Henry,  hath 
promised  to  procure  a  letter  from  my  Lord  Baltimore, 
in  your  behalf,  which  will  be  much  to  your  advantage. 
As  concerning  the  Statute,  I  send  you  only  a  copy  thereof 
at  present,  but  if  it  will  be  useful  to  you,  you  may  have 
the  original  sent  unto  you,  when  you  require  it.  You 
must  pretend  your  own  right  as  next  heir  to  brother 
Jerome,  as  well  as  my  interest,  for  indeed  there  is  only 
one  daughter  of  his,  before  you,  which  is  at  Brabant, 
and  mindeth  not  the  same. 

So  with  my  hearty  desire  of  your  good  prosperity 
and  welfare,  at  present  cease,  resting  ever 

Your  loving  brother, 

JAMES  HAWLEY. 
Brentford,  Co.  Middlesex,  30th  of  July,  1649. 


RELIGION  IN  THE  PROVINCE,  UNTIL  THE 
EXECUTION  OF  CHARLES  THE  FIRST. 


the  29th  of  October,  1632,  in  consequence  of  a 
rumor  that  persons  were  on  board,  who  had  scruples 
of  conscience  against  the  oath  of  allegiance,  Edward 
Hawkins,  a  Searcher  of  London,  visited  the  Ark  and 
the  Dove,  and  administered  the  following  Oath,  to  all 
whom  he  found. 

"I  do  truly  and  sincerely  acknowledge,  profess, 
testify,  and  declare  in  my  conscience,  before  God  and 
the  world ; 

"  That  our  Sovereign  Lord,  King  Charles,  is  tlawful 
and  rightful  King  of  this  realm,  and  of  all  other  his 
Majesty's  dominions  and  countrie,  and  that  the  Pope 
neither  of  himself,  nor  by  any  authority  by  the  Church, 
or  See  of  Rome,  or  by  any  other  means  with  any  other, 
hath  any  power  or  authority  to  depose  the  King,  or  to 
dispose  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  Kingdoms  or  dominions  ; 
or  to  authorize  any  foreign  Prince,  to  invade  or  annoy 
him  or  his  countries ;  or  to  discharge  any  of  his  subjects 
of  their  allegiance,  and  obedience  to  his  Majesty;  or 
to  give  license  or  leave  to  any  of  them  to  bear  arms, 
raise  tumults,  or  to  offer  any  violence  or  hurt,  to  his 


88     THE  FOUNDEKS  or  MARYLAND. 

Majesty's  royal  person,  state,  or  government,  or  to  any 
of  his  Majesty's  subjects  within  his  Majesty's  domains. 

"  And  I  do  swear  from  my  heart,  that  notwithstand 
ing  any  declaration,  or  sentence  of  excommunication, 
or  deprivation,  made  or  granted  hy  the  Pope,  or  his  suc 
cessors,  or  by  any  authority  derived,  or  pretended  to 
be  derived  from  him,  or  his  See,  against  the  said  King, 
his  heir  or  successors,  or  any  absolution  of  the  said 
subjects  from  their  obedience,  I  will  bear  faith  and 
true  allegiance  to  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  successors, 
and  him  and  them  will  defend  to  the  uttermost  of  my 
power,  against  all  conspiracies  and  attempts  whatso 
ever,  which  shall  be  made  against  his  or  their  persons, 
their  crown  and  dignity,  by  reason  or  color  of  any 
such  sentence,  or  declaration,  or  otherwise;  and  will 
do  my  best  endeavor  to  disclose  and  make  known 
unto  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  successors,  all  treasons, 
or  traitorous  conspiracies,  which  I  shall  know  or  hear 
of,  to  be  against  him  or  any  of  them. 

"  And  I  do  further  swear,  that  I  do  from  my  heart, 
abhor,  detest,  and  abjure,  as  impious  and  heretical, 
this  damnable  doctrine  and  position  ;  that,  Princes 
which  be  excommunicated  or  deprived  by  the  Pope, 
may  be  deposed  or  murthered  by  their  subjects,  or  any 
other  whatsoever. 

"And  I  do  believe,  and  in  conscience  am  resolved, 
that  neither  the  Pope,  nor  any  person  whatsoever,  hath 
power  to  absolve  me  of  this  Oath,  or  any  part  thereof, 


DEPARTURE  FROM  ENGLAND.  89 

which  I  acknowledge  by  good  and  full  authority  to  be 
lawfully  ministered  unto  me,  and  do  renounce  all  par 
dons,  and  dispensations  to  the  contrary.  And  all  these 
things  I  do  plainly  and  sincerely  acknowledge  and 
swear,  according  to  these  express  words  by  me  spoke, 
and  according  to  the  plain,  and  common  sense  and 
understanding  of  the  same  words,  without  any  equi 
vocation  or  mental  evasion,  or  secret  reservation 
whatsoever.  And  I  do  make  this  recognition  and  ac 
knowledgment  heartily,  willingly,  and  truly  upon  the 
true  faith  of  a  Christian  :  So  help  me  God." 

After  this  oath  was  taken,  the  vessels  proceeded  to 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  when  Father  White  and  others 
who  had  not  taken  the  oath,  had  an  opportunity  to 
ccme  aboard.  White,  in  his  Journal,  published  by  the 
Maryland  Historical  Society,  thus  describes  the  sail 
ing  of  Lord  Baltimore's  colony,  for  America. 

"  On  the  twenty-second  of  November,  in  the  year 
1633,  being  St.  Cecilia's  day,  we  set  sail  from  Cowes, 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  with  a  gentle  east  wind  blowing. 
And  after  committing  the  principal  parts  of  the  ship  to 
the  protection  of  God  especially,  and  of  His  most  Holy 
Mother,  and  St.  Ignatius,  we  sailed  on  a  little  way  be 
tween  the  two  shores,  and  the  wind  failing  us,  we 
stopped  opposite  Yarmouth  Castle,  which  is  near  the 
southern  end  of  the  same  island. 

"  Here  we  were   received  with  a  cheerful  salute  of 

artillery.     Yet  we  were  not  without  apprehension,  for 
12 


90  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  sailors  were  murmuring  among  themselves,  saying 
that  they  were  expecting  a  messenger  with  letters  from 
London,  and  from  this  it  seemed  as  if  they  were  even 
contriving  to  delay  us.  But  God  brought  their  plans 
to  confusion,  for  that  very  night  a  favorable  but  strong 
wind  arose,  and  a  French  cutter,  which  had  put  into 
the  same  harbor  with  us,  being  forced  to  set  sail,  came 
near  running  into  our  pinnace.  The  latter,  therefore, 
to  avoid  being  run  down,  having  cut  away  and  lost  an 
anchor,  set  sail  without  delay,  and  since  it  was  danger 
ous  to  drift  about  in  that  place,  made  haste  to  get 
further  out  to  sea.  And  so,  that  we  might  not  lose 
sight  of  our  pinnace,  we  determined  to  follow.  Thus 
the  designs  of  the  sailors  who  were  plotting  against  us, 
were  frustrated.  This  happened  on  the  23d  of  No 
vember,  St.  Clement's  day." 

Father  White  also  states,  that  "  if  you  except  the 
usual  sea-sickness,  no  one  was  attacked  by  any  disease, 
until  the  festival  of  the  nativity  of  our  Lord. 

"  In  order  that  the  day  might  be  better  kept,  wine 
was  given  out,  and  those  who  drank  of  it  too  freely 
were  seized  the  next  day  with  a  fever,  and  of  these  not 
long  afterwards,  about  twelve  died,  of  whom  two 
were  Catholics." 

Newport,  the  commander  of  the  first  expedition  for 
the  settlement  of  Virginia,  planted  a  cross1  near  the 


Newport's  Relation. 


JESUIT  MISSIONARIES.  91 

Falls  of  James  River,  suitably  inscribed,  and  took  pos 
session  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  Christ,  and  King 
James.  The  Maryland  colonists  claimed  the  region* 
between  the  Potomac  and  Atlantic,  in  March  1634, 
with  similar  ceremonies. 

During  the  year  1635,  the  Jesuit  Mission  near 
Saint  Mary,  was  composed  of  Father  White,  Altham 
alias  Gravener,  Thomas  Gervase,  and  John  Knowles, 
lay-assistant.1  Like  the  Jesuits  of  Canada,  engaging 
in  trade  and  farming,  as  a  means  of  support,  they 
employed  many  servants.2 

On  the  llth  of  December,  1635,  the  Privy  Council 
of  England  considered  a  charge,  that  Francis  Rabnett 
of  Maryland,  a  servant  of  a  brother  of  Sir  John  Win 
ter,  had  declared  "that  it"  was  lawful  and  meritorious 


!In  the  catalogue  of  Clerkenwell  College,  1627,  in  the  Camden 
Society  Publications  are  the  following  names : 
Johannes  Gravenerius. 
Thomas  Gervasii. 
Philippus  Fisherus  [alias  Musket], 

2  In  the  Annapolis  Land  Records  there  is  the  following  list  of  ser 
vants  of  Mr.  Andrew  White  and  Altham  for  1633-4  : 

Thos.  Statham,  Robert  Simpson,  Mary  Jennings, 

Matthias  Sousa,          John  Hilliard,  Robert  Shirley, 

M.  Rogers,  John  Hill,  Christopher  Carnock, 

John  Bryant,  Win.  Ashniore,  Rich'd  Lusthead, 

Mich.  Hervey,  Robt.  Edwards,  Thos.  Charinton, 

Wm.  Edwyn,  Thos.  Grimston,  Rich'd  Duke, 

H'y  Bishop,  Thos.  Hatch,  John  Thomson, 

John  Thornton,  Lewis  Fremonds,  John  Hollis, 

Rich'd  Cole,  John  Elkin,  Thos.  Hodges. 

Rich'd  Nevill  or  Nicholl, 


92     THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

to  kill  a  heretic  king."  Commissioner  Hawley,  who 
was  present  at  the  discussion,  was  asked  if  he  had 
ever  declared  that  "  he  was  come  to  plant  in  Mary 
land  the  Romish  religion."  He  u  utterly  denied " 
that  he  had  ever  made  that  statement.1 

Before  or  during  the  year  1637,  came  Fathers  Fer 
dinand  Pulton,2  Thomas  Copley,3  and  lay-brother 
Walter  Morley. 

Copley  was  the  grandson  of  Thomas  Copley,  who 
fled  to  Paris  during  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  and 
was  knighted  by  the  King  of  France.  His  father, 
William,  married  Margareita  Prideaux,  who  had  been 
educated  under  her  aunt,  a  Prioress  at  Louvain. 
Among  the  records  of  the  Province  of  Maryland,  at 
Annapolis,  is  the  following  warrant  of  Charles  the  First. 

"  Whereas  Thomas  Copley  gentleman,  an  alien  born, 
is  a  recusant,  and  may  be  subject  to  be  troubled  for 
his  religion,  and  forasmuch  we  are  well  satisfied  of  the 
conditions  and  qualities  of  the  said  Thomas  Copley 
and  of  his  loyalty  and  obedience  towards  us  we  do 


1  State  Papers. 

a  On  Nov.  30,  1638,  applied  for  land  due  by  conditions  of  plantation, 
for  transporting 

Walter  Morley,  Richard  Disney,  and  Charles,  the  Welshman. 

3  On  August  8,  1637,  Mr.  Thomas  Copley  and  Mr.  John  Knolls 
transported. 

Robert  Kadger,  Luke  Gardner,  Walter  King, 

Thos.  Davison,  Thos.  Motham,  George  White, 

Richard  Cox,  John  Martin,  John  Tue. 

Robert  Sedgrave,  Jas.  Compton, 


FATHER  COPLEY.  93 

hereby  will  and  require  you,  and  every  of  you  whom 
it  may  concern,  to  permit  and  further  the  said  Thomas 
Copley  freely  and  quietly  to  attend  in  any  place,  and 
to  go  about  and  follow  his  occupation,  without  molest 
ing  or  troubling  him,  by  any  means  whatsoever  for 
matters  of  religion,  or  the  persons  and  places  of  those 
unto  whom  he  shall  resort,  and  this  shall  be  your 
warrant  in  his  behalf. 

"  Give,  under  our  signet,  at  our  Palace  at  Westmins 
ter,  the  10th  day  of  December,  in  the  10th  year  of 
our  reign." 

Among  the  Land  Office  memoranda  is  the  follow 
ing  :  "  Thomas  Copley  Esq.,  demandeth  4000  acres  of 
land,  due  by  conditions  of  plantations,  for  transporting 
into  this  Province  himself  and  twenty  able  men,  at 
his  own  charge  to  plant  and  inhabit,  in  the  year  1637." 

A  few  months  later,  it  is  recorded  that  there  has 
been  "  shipped  in  the  St.  Margaret,  for  Thomas  Cop 
ley  Esq.,  cloth,  hatchets,  knives,  hoes,  to  trade  with 
the  Indians  for  beaver. 

On  November  30th  of  this  year,  also  came  John 
Lewger  the  first  Secretary  of  the  Province,  who  had 
been  a  fellow  student  of  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore,  at 
Oxford,  and  after  graduation  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England.  Becoming  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  he  was  made  Secretary  of  the  Colony 
and  exercised  great  influence.1  Soon  after  his  arrival 

1  See  page  69. 


94  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

there   was   a   revival   of  religion,   which   the   Jesuit 
Relation  of  1638  alludes  to,  in  these  words : 

"  Four  fathers  gave  their  attention  to  this  Mission, 
with  one  assistant  in  temporal  affairs;  and  he,  indeed, 
after  enduring  severe  toils  for  the  space  of  five  years, 
with  the  greatest  patience,  humility,  and  ardent  love 
chanced  to  be  seized  by  the  disease  prevailing  at  the 
time,  and  happily  exchanged  this  wretched  life,  for  an 
immortal  one. 

"  He  was  also  shortly  followed  by  one  of  the  Fathers, 
who  was  young  indeed,  but  on  account  of  his  remarka 
ble  qualities  of  mind,  evidently  of  great  promise.  He 
had  scarcely  spent  two  months  iti  this  mission,  when 
to  the  great  grief  of  all  of  us,  he  was  carried  off  by  the 
common  sickness  prevailing  in  the  Colony,  from  which 
no  one  of  the  three  preceding  priests  had  escaped  un 
harmed,  yet  we  have  not  ceased  to  labor  to  the  best  of 
our  ability  among  the  neighboring  people. 

"  And  though  the  rulers  of  this  Colony  have  not  yet 
allowed  us  to  dwell  among  the  savages,  both  on  account 
of  the  prevailing  sickness  and  also  because  of  the 
hostile  disposition  *  *  *  *  yet  we  hope  that  one  of 
us  will  shortly  secure  a  station  among  the  barbarians. 

"Meanwhile,  we  devote  ourselves  more  zealously  to 
the  English,  and  since  there  are  Protestants  as  well  as 

O  ' 

Catholics  in  the  Colony,  we  have  labored  for  both  and 
God  has  blessed  our  labors.  For  among  the  Protestants, 
nearly  all  who  have  come  from  England  in  this  year, 


PROTESTANTS  CONVERTED.  95 

1638,  and  many  others  have  been  converted  to  the  faith, 
together  with  four  servants,  and  five  mechanics  whom 
we  hired  for  a  month,  and  have  in  the  meantime  won 
to  God  ************* 

"  The  sick  and  the  dying,  who  have  been  very  nu 
merous  this  year  and  who  dwelt  far  apart  we  have 
assisted  in  every  way  so  that  not  even  a  single  one  has 
died  without  the  sacraments.  We  have  buried  very 
many  and  baptized  various  persons.  And  although 
there  are  not  wanting  frequent  occasions  of  dissension, 
yet  none  of  any  importance  has  arisen  here  in  the  last 
nine  months,  which  we  have  not  immediately  allayed." 

It  was  in  July  of  this  year,  that  William  Lewis1  was 
fined  for  his  contemptuous  speeches  concerning  the 
clergy  of  the  Church  of  England.  Robert  Sedgrave,2 
one  of  the  servants  transported  by  Father  Copley,  drew 
up  the  following  complaint,  to  be  signed  by  the  free 
men  and  then  presented  to  the  Governor  and  Council. 

"  This  is  to  give  you  notice  of  the  abuses  and  scan 
dalous  reproaches  which  God  and  his  ministers  do 
daily  suffer  by  William  Lewis  of  St.  Marie's,  who  saith 
that  our  ministers,  are  ministers  of  the  Divell,  and 
that  our  books  are  made  by  the  instruments  of  the 
Divell,  and  further  saith,  that  those  servants  which  are 

1  William  Lewis  in  Nov.,  1638,  married  Ursula  Gifford.     He  was  in 
the  fight  against  the  friends  of  Parliament  in  the  spring  of  1G55  and 
executed  for  treason.     His  widow  in  105?  married  a  George  Guttridov. 

2  Sedgrave,  Duke,   and  others   hired  by  the  Jesuits  were  Protest 
ants. 


96  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

under  his  charge  shall  not  keep  nor  read  any  book 
which  doth  appertain  to  our  religion,  within  the  house 
of  the  said  William  Lewis,  to  the  great  discomfort  of 
those  poor  bondmen  which  are  under  his  subjection, 
especially  in  this  heathen  country,  where  no  godly 
minister  is  to  teach  and  instruct  ignorant  people  in  the 
grounds  of  religion.  And  as  for  people  which  cometh 
unto  the  said  Lewis,  or  otherwise  to  pass  the  week, 
the  said  Lewis  taketh  occasion  to  call  them  into  his 
chamber,  and  there  laboureth  with  all  vehemency, 
craft,  and  subtlety  to  delude  ignorant  persons. 

"  Therefore  we  beseech  you,  brethren  in  our  Lord 
and  Saviour  Christ  Jesus,  that  you  who  have  power, 
that  you  will  do  in  what  lieth  in  you,  to  have  these 
absurd  abuses  and  the  ridiculous  crimes  to  be  re 
claimed,  and  that  God  and  his  ministers  may  not  be 
so  heinously  trodden  down  by  such  ignominious 
speeches,"  etc. 

It  was  in  the  year  1638,  that  the  first  Maryland 
Assembly  met,  whose  proceedings  have  been  preserved. 
The  persons  present,  or  voting  by  proxy,  were  ninety, 
of  whom  twelve  were  Roman  Catholics,  including  the 
Jesuits  White,  Altham,  and  Copley.  In  1639,  the 
Jesuit  Mission  consisted  of  Father  John  Brock,  alias 
Morgan,  Superior,  Philip  Fisher,  alias  Musket,  Thomas 
Copley1  and  John  Gravener,  and  in  a  letter  one  of 


1  Jolin  Gee,  in  Foot  out  of  the  Snare,  published  in  1624,  mentions 
Father  Fisher  alias  Musket,   and   Copley  and  Poulton.     He  writes, 


INDIAN  CHIEF'S  DREAM.  97 

them  states  :  u  This  year  twelve  heretics  in  all,  wearied 
of  former  errors,  have  returned  to  favor  with  God  and 
the  Church." 

Missions  were  begun  among  the  Indians,  and  Father 
White  visited  Piscataway  on  the  Potomac  not  many 
miles  below  Washington,  where  the  Chief  Tayac  united 
with  the  Church  of  Rome.  The  Jesuit  Relation  states 
that  the  Chief  had  a  wonderful  vision  : 

"  That  his  father,  deceased  some  time  before,  ap 
peared  to  be  present  before  his  eyes,  accompanied  by 
a  god  of  a  black  color,  whom  he  worshipped  beseech 
ing  him  that  he  would  not  desert  him. 

"At  a  short  distance  a  most  hideous  demon,  with  a 
certain  Snow,  an  obstinate  heretic  from  England  :  and 
at  length  in  another  part  the  Governor  of  the  Colony 
and  Father  White  appeared,  a  god  also  being  his  com 
panion,  but  much  more  beautiful,  who  excelled  the 
unstained  enow  in  whiteness,  seeming  gently  to  beckon 
the  King  to  him.  From  that  time  he  treated  both  the 
Governor  and  Father  with  the  greatest  affection." 

Justinian  Snow  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Maryland, 


"  Father  Musket  a  secular  priest  lodging  over  against  St.  Andrew's 
church,  Holborn,  a  frequent  preacher  and  one  that  hath  much  concourse 
of  people  to  his  chamber." 

In  Rush  worth,  vol.  iv,  pp.  44,  68,  it  is  mentioned  that  Fisher  for  a 
time  was  in  Newgate  Prison,  but  by  the  influence  of  Secretary  Win- 
debank  was  released  and  harbored  until  he  found  an  opportunity  to 
go  to  America. 

Gee  alludes  to  "  Father  Copley  Junior  one  that  hath  newly  taken 
orders,  and  come  from  beyond  seas." 
13 


98  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

and  Lord  Baltimore's  factor  in  the  Indian  trade.  A 
brother  Abel  was  clerk  in  the  Chancery  Office,  London, 
and  Marmaduke,  another,  came  afterwards  to  the  Pro 
vince,  and  both  he  and  Justinian,  in  1638,  were  mem 
bers  of  the  Assembly. 

The  latter  died  in  1639,  and  Marmaduke  became 
administrator,  but  in  consequence  of  sickness  returned 
to  England,  and  was  living  in  1659  in  County  Straf- 
ford,  at  Fenny  Hill.  In  the  absence  of  Marmaduke, 
Surgeon  Thomas  Gerrard,  who  married  his  sister 
Susanna,  attended  to  the  affairs  of  the  brothers  Snow. 

On  the  21st  of  August,  1638,  Lord  Baltimore  relin 
quished  the  right  to  frame  laws  to  be  assented  to  by 
the  Provincial  Assembly,  and  granted  to  them  the 
privilege  of  making  their  own  laws,  subject  to  his  ap 
proval.  Under  this  privilege,  a  legislature  convened, 
on  the  25th  of  February,  1639,  and  the  first  law 
enacted  was,  "  that  Holy  Church  shall  have  and  enjoy 
all  her  rights,  liberties,  and  franchises,  wholly  and 
without  blemish." 

This  is  the  language  of  the  English  Statute  Book, 
since  the  days  of  Henry  the  Second,  who  ratified 
MagnaCharta.  It  was  enacted,  A.D.  1225,  that:  "  The 
Church  of  England  shall  be  free,  and  shall  have  all 
her  rights  and  liabilities  inviolable."  Fifty  years  later, 
in  the  days  of  Edward  the  First,  it  was  declared  that 
"  the  peace  of  the  Holy  Church  shall  be  kept  and 
maintained  in  all  points."  A  century  later,  in  the 


HOLY  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND.  99 

reign  of  Edward  the  Third,  the  phraseology  is,  "  Holy 
Church  shall  have  all  her  liberties  and  franchises  in 
quietness." 

In  A.D.  1377,  at  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of 
Richard  the  Second,  it  was  declared  that,  "  Holy 
Church  shall  have  and  enjoy  all  her  rights,  liberties 
and  franchises  wholly  and  without  blemish." 

During  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Eighth,  it  was  enacted 
by  Parliament,  that  the  King  of  England  should  be 
"Supreme  Head  on  earth  of  the  Church  of  England," 
any  usage,  custom,  foreign  laws,  foreign  authority, 
prescription,  or  any  thing  or  things  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding.  After  this  period,  the  Holy  Church 
of  the  English  Statute,  was  that  Church,  of  which  the 
Xing  was  the  supreme  head. 

By  the  charter  of  Maryland,  the  ecclesiastical  law  of 
England,  was  made  the  law  of  the  Province.1 

In  1642  Father  White  and  three  other  Jesuits  were  in 
Maryland.  Father  Philip  Fisher,  the  Superior,  was 
at  Saint  Mary,  Roger  Rigby  on  the  Patuxent,  and 
Andrew  White  at  Piscataway,  on  the  Potomac,  nearly 
opposite  Mount  Yernon. 

Notwithstanding  there  was  no  Church  of  England 
minister  in  the  Province,  the  Snow  family,  and  other 
Protestant  Catholics,  appear  to  have  held  religious 

1  Sir  Edward  Northey,  Attorney  General  of  England,  gave  this 
decision  : 

"  As  to  the  said  clause  in  the  grant  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  I 
am  of  opinion  the  same  doth  not  give  him  power  to  do  anything 
contrary  to  the  ecclesiastical  laws  of  England." — Chalmers's  Opinions. 


100          THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

services.  Surgeon  Thomas  Gerrard,  whose  wife  and 
son-in-law  were  decided  Protestant  Catholics,  had 
legal  difficulties  in  1642,  relative  to  the  use  of  a  chapel, 
probably  growing  out  of  his  position,  as  the  acting 
administrator  of  the  estate  of  Justinian  Snow. 

David  Wickliff,1  in  March,  1642,  complained  to  the 
Assembly,  in  behalf  of  the  Protestant  Catholics,  that 
Gerrard  had  taken  away  the  key  of  their  chapel,  and 
removed  the  books.  The  case  was  heard,  and  he  was 
ordered  to  relinquish  all  title  to  the  chapel,  to  restore 
the  books,  and  pay  a  fine  of  five  hundred  pounds  of 
tobacco,  for  the  support  of  the  first  Protestant  Catho 
lic  minister  who  should  settle  in  the  Province. 

The  news,  that  the  only  religious  teachers  in  Mary 
land,  were  Jesuits,  created  great  dissatisfaction  in 
England,  and  the  House  of  Commons,  on  December  1, 
1641,  presented  an  address  to  Charles  the  First,  at 
Hampton  Court,  in  which  they  complained  that  he 
had  permitted  "  another  State  moulded  within  this 
State,  independent  in  government,  contrary  in  interest 
and  affection,  secretly  corrupting  the  ignorant  or  neg 
ligent  professors  of  religion."2  Lord  Baltimore  per 
ceived  that  loyal  English  subjects  would  continue  to 
shun  Maryland,  if  he  continued  to  favor  the  Jesuits, 
and  his  poverty  was  so  great,  that  unless  he  received  a 
revenue  from  his  Province,  he  must  continue  to  depend 


1  Wickliff  in  1638  was  entered  as    one  of  the  servants  of  George 
Evelyn. 
a  Rush  worth,  vol.  iv. 


BALTIMORE  OFFENDS  JESUITS.  101 

upon  his  father-in-law,  Earl  Arundel,  for  bread  to  sup 
port  his  family.  Determining  to  attract  Protestant 
colonists,  he  offended  the  Jesuits.  Without  his  con 
sent,  they  had  received  a  present  of  land  from  the 
converted  Piscataway  Chief,  and  he  therefore  sent  over 
certain  instructions,  for  the  obtaining  of  land. 

When  Governor  Calvert  and  Secretary  Lewger  sub 
mitted  these  papers  to  the  Jesuits,  they  objected. 

A  memorandum  still  preserved  and  supposed  to  be 
in  the  handwriting  of  John  Lewger  says : 

"  The  Governor  and  I  went  to  the  good  men  about 
difficulties. 

"  1.  About  putting  the  statute  of  mortmain  on  all 
lands.  Gov.  Calvert  construed  it,  so  as  that  no  man 
could  have  an  additional  grant,  except  he  would  accept 
the  statute,  for  all  his  land. 

"  2.  One  of  the  good  men  thought  that  publishing  the 
conditions  of  Plantation  would  not  incur  excommuni 
cation,  but  thought  it  might  be  a  mortal  sin,  to  propose 
an  act  or  obligations  against  good  manners  or  piety, 
or  to  assent  to  it. 

"  3.  The  oath  in  the  instructions  to  be  tendered  to 
such  as  were  to  take  land,  was  decided  to  be  against 
conscience,  and  to  incur  excommunication  bullce  ccence1 
to  publish  or  administer  any  such  oath." 

1  The  Pope's  Bull  "  In  ccena  Domini"  was  read  every  year  on  the 
day  of  the  Lord's  Supper  or  Maundy  Thursday,  and  contained  excom 
munications  and  anathemas  against  heretics  and  all  who  disturbed  or 
opposed  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Holy  See. 


102  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

The  Governor  and  Lewger  shrank  from  obeying 
Lord  Baltimore,  as  they  not  did  wish  to  be  excommu 
nicated  from  the  Church  of  Rome.  In  September, 
1642,  two  Jesuits  in  England  desired  to  join  the  Mary 
land  Mission,  but  Baltimore  said,  that  he  "  could  not 
in  prudence  allow  them  to  go,  unless  an  agreement  was 
first  made."  On  the  5th  of  October  Lord  Baltimore's 
sister  wrote :  "  I  have  been  with  my  brother,  but  he  is 
inexorable  until  all  conditions  be  agreed  upon  between 
you." 

A  few  days  after,  the  Jesuits  assented  to  the  follow 
ing  positions  of  the  Proprietary. 

"  Considering  the  dependence  of  the  Government 
of  Maryland  on  the  state  of  England,  unto  which  it 
must,  as  near  as  may  be,  be  comformable,  no  ecclesi 
astical  person  whatever  inhabiting  or  being  within  the 
said  Province  ought  to  pretend  or  expect,  nor  is  Lord 
Baltimore  or  any  of  his  officers,  although  they  be 
Roman  Catholics,  obliged  in  conscience  to  allow 
said  ecclesiastics,  in  said  Province,  any  more  or  other 
privileges,  exemptions  or  immunities  for  their  per 
sons,  lands  or  goods,  than  is  allowed  by  his  Majesty 
or  his  officers  and  magistrates  to  like  persons  in  Eng 
land." 

"  And  any  magistrates  may  proceed  against  the 
person,  goods,  etc.,  of  such  ecclesiastic  for  the  doing 
of  right  and  justice  to  another,  or  for  maintaining  his 
Proprietary  prerogatives,  and  jurisdictions,  just  as 
against  any  other  person,  residing  in  said  Province. 


FATHER  WHITE  A  PRISONER.  103 

"  These  things  to  be  done,  without  incurring  the 
censure  of  bulloe  ccence,  or  committing  a  sin  for  so 
doing.1 

The  Priests  did  not  keep  faith  with  Lord  Baltimore, 
as  we  discover  from  the  Jesuit  Relation  of  this  period. 
It  says  :  "  When  our  people  declared  it  to  be  repugnant 
to  the  laws  of  the  Church,  two  priests  were  sent  from 
England,  who  might  teach  the  contrary,  but  the  re 
verse  of  what  was  expected,  happened ;  for  our  reasons 
being  heard,  and  the  thing  itself  being  more  clearly 
understood,  they  easily  fell  in  with  our  opinion." 

The  civil  war  in  England  growing  out  of  resistance 
of  the  Parliament  to  the  arbitrary  demands  of  the 
King,  induced  strife  in  Maryland. 

Under  a  letter  of  marque  granted  by  Charles  the 
First  to  Governor  Calvert,  he  seized  the  ship  of  Capt. 
Richard  Ingle  of  London  in  1643.  Ingle  in  retaliation 
obtained  a  commission  from  Parliament,  and  appeared 
with  the  ship  Reformation,  and  attacked  those  who 
would  not  acknowledge  the  "  Keepers  of  the  liberties 
of  England  "  as  Parliament  was  styled. 

During  his  stay  Father  Copley's  house  at  Potopaco 
was  attacked  as  well  as  the  Jesuit  plantation  of  St. 
Jingo.  Fathers  White  and  Fisher  were  taken  pri 
soners,  and  brought  to  London.  White  was  tried  and 
found  guilty  of  teaching  doctrines  contrary  to  the 
laws  of  England,  but  on  the  4th  of  July,  1646,  judg- 

1  Streeter's  Early  Maryland  Papers. 


104  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

ment  was  stayed.  After  remaining  in  Newgate  pri 
son  for  many  months,  in  January  7,  1648,  the  House 
of  Commons  "  did  concur  with  the  Lords  in  granting 
the  petition  of  Andrew  White,  a  Jesuit,  who  was 
brought  out  of  America,  into  the  kingdom,  by  force, 
upon  an  English  ship,"  and  he  was  ordered  to  be  dis 
charged  provided  he  left  the  kingdom,  within  fifteen 
days.1  He  never  returned  to  America,  but  Father 
Fisher  appears  to  have  resumed  labor  in  1649,  with 
one  companion,  probably  Father  Lawrence  Starkey 
who  came  at  this  time  to  Maryland.  A  letter  of 
Fisher  is  extant  addressed  to  his  Superior  in  which  he 
writes  under  date  of  March  1,  1648-9 : 

"  Although  my  companion  and  myself  reached  Vir 
ginia  on  the  7th  of  January,  after  a  tolerable  journey 
of  seven  weeks,  there  I  left  my  companion,  and  availed 
myself  of  the  opportunity  of  proceeding  to  Maryland, 
where  I  arrived  in  the  course  of  February." 

During  the  uprising  of  the  friends  of  Parliament 
under  Ingle,  Father  Copley  seems  to  have  remained  at 
St.  Inigo.  In  a  relation,  appended  to  Father  White's 
journal,  there  is  narrated  a  very  wonderful  and  indeli 
cate  story  which  proves  that  the  Jesuit  mission  was  not 
entirely  broken  up.  It  is  in  these  words  : 

"  It  has  been  established  by  custom  and  usage  of  the 
Catholics  who  live  in  Maryland  during  the  whole  night 
of  the  31st  of  July,  following  the  festival  of  St.  Ignatius, 

1  House  of  Common's  Journal. 


A  SOLDIER'S  INDELICACY.  105 

to  honor  with  a  salute  of  cannon,  their  tutelar  guard 
ian  and  patron  saint. 

"  Wherefore  in  the  year  1646,  mindful  of  the  solemn 
custom,  the  anniversary  of  the  holy  father  being  ended, 
they  wished  the  night  also  consecrated  to  the  honor  of 
the  same,  by  the  continual  discharge  of  artillery.  At 
this  time  there  were  in  the  neighborhood  certain  sol 
diers,  unjust  plunderers,  Englishmen  indeed  by  birth, 
of  the  heterodox  faith,  who,  coming  the  year  before 
with  a  fleet  had  invaded  with  arms  almost  the  entire 
colony,  had  plundered,  burnt,  and  finally  having  ab 
ducted  the  priests  and  driven  the  Governor  himself 
into  exile,  had  reduced  it  to  a  miserable  servitude. 
These  had  protection  in  a  certain  fortified  citadel,  built 
for  their  own  defence,  situated  about  five  miles  from 
the  others;  but  now  aroused  by  the  nocturnal  report 
of  the  cannon,  the  day  after,  that  is,  on  the  first  of 
August,  rush  upon  us  with  arms,  break  into  the  houses 
of  the  Catholics,  and  plunder  whatever  there  is  of 
arms  or  powder. 

"  After  a  while,  when  at  length  they  had  made  an  end 
of  plundering,  and  had  arranged  their  departure,  one 
of  them,  a  fellow  of  a  beastly  disposition  and  a  scoffer 
both  contemptible  and  blasphemous  who  dared  to 
assail  St.  Ignatius  himself  with  filthy  scurrility  and  a 
more  filthy  act. 

4  "  Away  to  the  wicked  cross  with  you,  Papists,'  says 
14 


106          THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

he  <  who  take  delight  in  saluting  your  poor  saint,  by 
the  firing  of  cannon,  I  have  a  cannon  too,  and  I  will 
give  him  a  salute  more  suitable  and  appropriate  to  so 
miserable  a  saint.'  , 

"  This  being  said  (let  me  not  offend  the  delicacy  of 
your  ears)  he  resounded  with  a  loud  report,  and  de 
parted,  while  his  companions  deride  with  their  insolent 
laughter. 

"But  his  impious  and  wicked  scurrility  cost  the  wretch 
dear ;  for,  scarcely  had  he  proceeded  two  hundred 
paces  from  the  place,  when  he  felt  a  commotion  of  the 
bowels  within,  and  that  he  was  solicited  to  privacy ; 
and  when  he  had  gone  about  the  same  distance  on 
his  way,  he  had  to  withdraw  privately  again,  com 
plaining  of  an  unusual  pain  of  his  bowels,  the  like 
of  which  he  had  never  felt  in  his  life  before.  The  re 
maining  part  of  his  journey  ;  to  wit :  four  miles,  was 
accomplished  in  a  boat,  in  which  space,  the  severe 
torture  of  his  bowels  and  the  looseness  of  his  belly 
frequently  compelled  him  to  land.  Having  arrived  at 
the  Fort,  scarcely  in  possession  of  his  mind,  through 
so  great  pain,  he  rolls  himself  at  one  time  on  the  ground, 
at  another  casts  himself  on  a  bench,  again  on  a  bed, 
crying  out  all  the  time  with  a  loud  voice  '  I  am  burning 
up  !  I  am  burning  up  !  There  is  a  fire  in  my  belly  ! 
There  is  a  fire  in  my  bowels !' 

"  The  officers,  having  pitied  the  deplorable  fate  of 
their  comrade,  carry  him  at  length,  placed  in  a  boat 


A  WONDERFUL  STORY.  107 

to  a  certain  Thomas  Hebden  a  skilful  surgeon,1  but 
the  malady  had  proceeded  further  than  could  be  cured 
or  alleviated  by  his  art.  In  the  meantime  you  could 
hear  nothing  else  coming  from  his  lips,  but  that  well 
known  and  mournful  cry  'I  am  burning  up!  I  am 
burning  up  !  Fire  !  Fire  !' 

"  The  day  after,  which  was  the  2d  of  August,  his  in 
tolerable  suffering  growing  worse  every  hour,  his 
bowels  began  to  be  voided,  piecemeal.  But  on  the 
3d  of  August,  furious  and  raging,  he  passed  larger 
portions  of  the  intestines  some  of  which  were  a  foot, 
some  a  foot  and  a  half,  others  two  feet  long.  At 
length  the  fourth  day  drained  the  whole  pump,  so  that 
it  left  nothing  remaining  but  the  abdomen  empty  and 
void.  Still  surviving,  he  saw  the  dawning  of  the  fifth 
day,  when  the  unhappy  wretch  ceased  to  see  and  live, 
an  example  to  posterity  of  divine  vengeance  warning 
mankind. 

"Discitejustitiam,moniti  et  non  contemneredivos.' 
Innumerable  persons  still  living,  saw  the  intestines  of 
the  dead  man  for  many  months  hang  upon  the  fence 
posts ;  among  whom  was  he  who  has  added  his  testi 
mony  to  these  things,  and  with  his  hands  handled  the 
bowels,  blackened,  and  as  if  crisped  up,  by  this  fire,  of 
modern  Judas." 


1  Thomas  Hebden  was  in  the  employ  of  George  Evelyn  of  Evelyn- 
ton  Manor  at  Piney  Point  in  1638,  and  a  member  of  the  Assembly. 
Streeter  says  he  was  a  carpenter.  In  his  will  he  requested  Father 
Copley  to  pray  for  his  soul. 


RELIGIOUS  CONDITION  DURING  THE  AS 
CENDENCY  OF  PARLIAMENT. 


Baltimore,  finding  that  few  colonists  would 
go  to  Maryland  from  England,  undeterred  by  the  threat 
of  excommunication,  appealed  to  Massachusetts  through 
Major  Edward  Gibbons,  described  in  an  old  chronicle 
as  the  "younger  brother  of  the  house  of  an  honorable 
extraction,  '51  the  owner  of  a  windmill  at  St.  Mary,  a 
trader  in  the  Potomac,  and  a  prominent  citizen  of 
Boston.  Gibbons  once  lost  a  vessel  in  the  waters  ofVir- 
ginia  and  Maryland,  and  perhaps  the  Jesuits'  letter  of 
1642  alludes  to  him  in  these  words  :  "  Father  White 
suffered  no  little  inconvenience  from  a  hard-hearted 
and  troublesome  captain  of  New  England,  whom  he 
had  engaged  for  the  purpose  of  taking  him  and  his 
effects,  from  whom  he  was  in  fear  a  little  while  after, 
not  without  cause,  that  he  would  be  either  cast  into  the 
sea,  or  be  carried  with  his  property  to  New  England, 
^hich  is  full  of  Puritan  Calvinists,  that  is  of  all  Calvin- 
ist  heresy. 

"  Silently  committing  the  thing  to  God,  at  length  in 


1  Scottow. 


INVITATION  TO  PUKITANS.  109 

safety  reached  Potomac,  they  vulgarly  call  it  Patemeak, 
in  which  harbor,  when  they  had  cast  anchor,  the  ship 
stuck  so  fast,  bound  by  a  great  quantity  of  ice,  that  for 
the  space  of  seventeen  days,  it  could  not  be  moved. 
Walking  on  the  ice,  as  if  on  land,  the  Father  departed 
for  the  town  ;  and  when  the  ice  was  broken  up,  the 
ship  driven  and  jammed  by  the  force  and  violence  of 
the  ice,  sunk,  the  cargo  being  in  a  great  measure  re 
covered." 

The  year  after  the  Jesuits  refused  to  yield  to  the 
Proprietary,  on  the  18th  of  October,  1643,  Governor 
Winthrop  of  Massachusetts  makes  the  following  entry 
in  his  Journal : 

"  The  Lord  Baltimore  being  owner  of  much  land  near 
Virginia,  being  himself  a  Papist  and  his  brother  Mr. 
Calvert,  the  Governor  there  a  Papist  also,  but  the 
colony  consisting  of  both  Protestant  and  Papist,  he 
wrote  a  letter  to  Capt.  Gibbons  of  Boston  and  sent  him 
a  commission  wherein  he  made  a  tender  of  land  in 
Maryland  to  any  of  ours  that  would  transport  them 
selves  thither  with  free  liberty  of  religion,  and  all  other 
privileges  which  the  place  aifords,  paying  such  annual 
rent  as  should  be  agreed  upon,  but  our  Captain  had  no 
mind  to  further  his  desire,  nor  had  any  of  our  people 
temptation  that  way." 

By  an  unexpected  Providence,  settlers  at  last  came 
from  Virginia,  and  the  fortunes  of  Lord  Baltimore  by 
their  advent  were  greatly  improved.  The  Puritans  of 


110  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Nansemond  County,  Virginia,  in  1643  had  secured  the 
services  of  Rev.  William  Tompson  a  graduate  of  Ox 
ford,  John  Knowles  of  Immanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
and  Thomas  Jarnes  for  their  parishes.  They  were 
coldly  received  by  Governor  Berkeley,  and  his  chaplain 
Thomas  Harrison,  because  they  were  non-conformists. 
One  month  before  the  great  massacre  by  the  Indians, 
Berkeley  secured  the  passage  of  an  act  forbidding  any 
to  officiate  in  churches  who  did  not  use  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  In  a  little  while,  the  three  ministers 
retired,  but  soon  the  Governor  of  Virginia  was  sur 
prised  by  his  able  chaplain,  Harrison,  becoming  a  non 
conformist,  leaving  Jamestown,  and  preaching  to  the 
Puritans  of  Nansemond  and  Elizabeth  River.1 

In  1644,  Roger  Williams  of  Rhode  Island  visited 
England  and  published  a  treatise  on  religious  toleration, 
of  which,  a  Chaplain  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
wrote:  ''Witness  the  book  printed,  1644,  called  The 
Bloody  Tenet,  which  the  author  affirmeth  he  wrote  in 
milk ;  and  if  he  did  so,  he  hath  put  much  rats-bane 
into  it,  as  namely :  That  it  is  the  will  and  command 
of  God  that  since  the  coming  of  his  Son,  the  Lord 
Jesus,  a  permission  of  the  most  Paganish,  Jewish,  Turk 
ish  or  Anti-Christian  consciences,  and  worships,  be 
granted  to  all  men  in  all  nations  and  countries ;  that 
Civil  States  with  their  officers  of  justice,  are  not  Go- 


Calamy^and  Winthrop. 


LIBERTY  OF  CONSCIENCE.  Ill 

vernors  or  defenders  of  the  spiritual  and  Christian 
state  and  worship."1 

At  the  same  period,  it  was  urged  by  the  friends  of 
Roger  Williams  "  that  the  Parliament  will  provide  that 
particular  and  private  congregations  may  have  public 
protection  ;  that  all  statutes  against  the  Separatists  be 
reviewed  and  repealed ;  that  the  Press  may  be  free 
for  any  man  that  writes  nothing  scandalous  or  danger 
ous  to  the  State ;  that  this  Parliament  prove  themselves 
loving  fathers  to  all  sorts  of  good  men,  bearing  respect 
unto  all,  and  so  inviting  an  equal  assistance  and  affec 
tion  from  all." 

On  October  27th,  1645,  the  House  of  Commons  or 
dered  :  u  That  the  inhabitants  of  the  Summer  Islands, 
and  such  others  as  shall  join  themselves  to  them,  shall, 
without  any  molestation  or  trouble,  have  and  enjoy 
the  liberty  of  the  conscience,  in  matters  of  God's  wor 
ship,  as  well  in  those  parts  of  America,  where  they  are 
now  planted,  as  in  ail  other  parts  of  America  where 
they  may  hereafter  plant."2 

The    Eev.    Patrick  Copland,3  Governor  Sayle  and 

1  Featley's  Dipper  dipped. 

2  Journal  of  House  of  Commons. 

3  Patrick  Copland  was  an  earnest  and  useful  clergyman  of  whom 
too  little  has  been  known.     In  1614  he  was  Chaplain  of  one  of  the 
ships  of  the  East  India  Company.     In  1616  returned  to  England  ac 
companied  by  a  talented  native  youth  whom  he  had  taught  chiefly  by 
signs,  "  to  speak,  to  read,  and  write  the  English  tongue,  both  Homan 
and  Secretary,  within  less  than  the  space  of  a  year. "      At  his  sugges 
tion  the  lad  was  publicly  baptized  on  Dec.  22,  1616,  in  St.  Dennis 
church,  London,  "  as  the  first  fruits  of  India." 


112  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

others  for  conscience  sake  left  the  Somers  Islands,  and 
settled  at  Eleuthera,  a  small  isle  of  the  Bahamas 
group,  adjoining  Guanahani  or  Cat  Island,  the  first 
land  of  the  West,  seen  by  Columbus.  Sayle  visited 
the  Puritans  of  Virginia,  and  invited  them  to  go  to 
the  Patmos,  which  their  fellow  religionists  had  selected, 
but  they  declined. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Harrison,  in  a  letter  dated  No 
vember  2,  1646,  and  sent  to  Governor  Wmthrop  of 
Massachusetts,  by  Capt.  Edward  Gibbons,  afterwards 
appointed  Admiral  of  Maryland,  writes :  "  Had  your 
proposition  found  us  risen  up,  in  a  posture  of  removal, 
there  is  weight  and  force  enough  [in  yours]  to  have 
staked  us  down  again." 

Not  long  after,  in  1617,  Copland  with  his  pupil,  sailed  for  the  Indian 
Ocean  in  the  Royal  James,  one  of  the  fleet  which  Sir  Thomas  Dale, 
late  Governor  of  Virginia,  assumed  the  command  of  on  Sept.  19, 1618. 
In  the  presence  of  Dale,  in  view  of  an  impending  naval  conflict  with 
the  Dutch  on  the  3d  of  December,  Copland  preached  on  the  Royal 
James.  On  the  9th  of  August,  1619,  Dale  died,  and  his  old  associate 
Sir  Thomas  Gates  died  in  the  same  service  the  next  year. 

On  the  26th  of  April,  1620,  Copland  in  the  Royal  James  went  to 
Japan. 

Leaving  Java  in  February,  1621,  the  ship  slowly  returned  to 
England,  and  having  become  interested  in  Virginia  by  conversing 
with  Dale  and  Gates,  on  the  homeward  voyage  he  collected  from 
fellow  passengers,  £70,  for  a  church  or  school  in  Virginia. 

Arriving  in  the  Thames  about  the  middle  of  September,  the  next 
month  John  Ferrar,  Deputy  Governor  of  Virginia  Company,  announced 
the  collection,  to  the  members.  The  next  year  Copland  preached  be 
fore  the  Company,  and  the  sermon  was  published  with  the  following 
title : 

Virginia's  God  be  thanked  |  or  |  a  Sermon  of  |  Thanksgiuing  |  for 


VIRGINIA  PURITANS. 


113 


The  steady  persistence  of  Harrison,  and  the  increase 
of  his  congregations,  irritated  Governor  Berkeley,  and 

the  happie  |  Successe  of  the  affayres  in  |  Virginia  this  last  |  yeare  | 
preached  by  Patrick  Copland  at  |  Bow-Church,  in  Cheapside,  before 
the  Honorable  |  Virginia  Company,  on  Thursday,  the  18  |  of  Aprill 
1622.  And  now  published  by  |  the  'Jommandement  of  the  said  hono  \  ra- 
ble  Company.  |  Hereunto  are  adjoyned  some  Epistles,  |  written  first  in 
Latine  (and  now  Englished)  in  the  East  Indies  by  Peter  Pope,  an 
Indian  youth,  |  borne  in  the  Bay  of  Bengale,  who  was  first  taught  | 
and  converted  by  the  said  P.  C.  And  after  bap- 1  tized  by  Master  John 
Wood,  Dr.  in  Divinitie  |  in  a  famous  Assembly,  before  the  Right  \ 
Worshipfull,  the  East  India  Company,  \  at  S.  Denis  in  Fan-Church 
Streete  |  in  London,  December  22,  |  1616  |  London  |  Printed  by  J.  D. 
for  William  Sheffard  and  John  Bellamie,  and  are  to  be  soldjat  his  shop, 
at  the  two  Grey-  f  hounds  in  Corne-hill,  neere  the  Royall  |  Exchange 
1622.| 

In  this  sermon  is  an  allusion  to  the  motto  of  the  Seal  of  the  Virginia 
Company,  which  was  the  motto  of  the  Colony  until  the  Revolution  of 
1776.  He  speaks  of  "  This  noble  Plantation  tending  so  highly  to  the 
advancement  of  the  Gospel,  and  to  the  honoring  of  our  dread  Sove 
reign,  by  inlarging  of  his  kingdoms,  and  adding  a  fifth  crown  unto 
his  other  four ;  for  '  En  dat  Virginia  quintam,'  is  the  motto  of  the 
legal  seal  of  Virginia." 

On  October  20,  1619,  the  Company  appointed  a  Committee  to  meet 
at  Sir  Edwin  Sandys',  "  to  take  a  cote  for  Virginia,  and  agree  upon  the 
Seale."  On  the  15th  of  the  next  month  the  device  was  presented  for 
inspection.  When  the  seal  was  presented  to  King  James,  he  looked 
at  the  reverse  with  the  figure  of  St.  George  slaying  the  Dragon,  with 

the  motto,  "  Fas  alium  supe- 
rare  draconem,"  referring  to 
the  heathenism  of  the  In 
dians,  and  ordered  that  the 
motto  should  not  be  used. 
The  face  of  the  legal  seal 
was  an  escutcheon,  quart 
ered  with  the  arms  of  Eng 
land,  France,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland ;  crested  with  a 
maiden  Queen,  with  flowing 
hair  and  eastern  crown ;  sup 
porters,  two  men  in  armor. 
15 


114  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

in  the  face  of  the  action  of  Parliament,  he  influenced 
the  Assembly  of  Virginia,  on  the  3d  of  November,  1647, 
to  enact  the  following : 

"  Upon  divers  informations  presented  to  this  Assem- 

Spenser,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  friend,  dedicated  his  Fairy  Queen 
to  Elizabeth  "  Queen  of  England,  France,  Ireland,  and  Virginia." 
After  James  of  Scotland  became  King  of  England,  Virginia  could 
be  called,  in  compliment,  the  fifth  kingdom. 

In  the  "  Mask  of  Flowers,"  played  by  the  Gentlemen  of  Gray's  Inn 
upon  12th  night,  1613-14  in  honor  of  the  nuptials  of  Somerset, 
Kawasha,  a  God  of  the  Virginians  appears,  and  in  the  play  occurs 
the  following : 

"•  But  now  is  Britannie  fit  to  bo 
A  seat  for  a  fifth  Monarchic. 

Copland  was  elected  Rector  of  the  College  at  Henrico,  but  the  mas. 
sacre  by  the  Indians  in  the  spring  of  1622  thwarted  his  design  of  re 
siding  in  Virginia. 

John  Ferrar's  brother  Nicholas,  who  became  a  clergyman,  sympa 
thized  with  Copland  in  the  desire  to  educate  the  Indian  children  of 
North  America,  and  aided  in  establishing  a  school  at  the  Somers 
Islands.  When  he  became  a  non-conformist  is  unknown. 

In  December,  1688,  the  celebrated  divine  Hugh  Peters,  then  of 
Salem,  Mass.,  writes  a  letter  "  To  my  worthy  and  reverend  Brother, 
Mr.  Copeland,  Minister  of  the  Gospel  in  Bermudas." 

While  residing  in  Pagets'  tribe,  Copland  gave  a  tract  of  land  for  a  free 
school.  In  a  letter  from  this  settlement,  dated  4th  of  December,  1639, 
and  addressed  to  Governor  Winthrop  of  Boston,  he  thanks  him  for 
twelve  New  England  Indians  sent  to  be  educated,  but  were  left  at 
Providence  island.  He  adds :  "  If  they  had  safely  arrived  here,  I 
would  have  had  a  care  of  them  to  have  disposed  of  them  to  such  hon 
est  men,  as  should  have  trained  them  up  in  the  principles  of  religion, 
and  so  when  they  had  been  fit  for  your  plantation,  have  returned  them 
again  to  have  done  God  some  service,  in  being  instruments  to  do  some 
good  for  their  country." 

He  then  tells  Winthrop  how  the  Dutch  at  Amboyna,  East  Indies, 
copied  the  Jesuit  method  of  training  and  educated  their  own  children 
and  the  native  youth  in  the  same  school,  each  acquiring  the  other's 
language.  He  continues:  "Being  at  Naugasack,  a  famous  city  of 
Japan,  I  saw  with  my  own  eyes,  monuments  of  many  fair  churches 


ACT  OF  UNIFORMITY.  115 

bly  against  several  ministers  for  their  neglect  and  re 
fractory  refusing,  after  warning  given  to  them,  to  read 
Common  Prayer  in  Divine  service  upon  the  Sabbath 
days,  contrary  to  the  canons  of  the  Church,  and  the 
Acts  of  Parliament  therein  established  :  for  future 
remedy  hereof, 

"  Be  it  enacted,  by  Governor,  Council  and  Burgesses 
of  this  Grand  Assembly,  That  all  ministers  in  their 


and  a  University  which  sometimes  they  had  there,  but  by  their  prag 
matic  intermeddling  with  State  matters  was  banished  from  Japan." 
He  then  stated  that  he  had  "  a  Papist  catechism  in  my  study,  imprinted 
at  Naugasack,  with  the  Italian  letters,  in  Japan  tongue." 

The  letter  concludes  by  recommending  for  education  George  Stirke, 
the  son  of  a  lately  deceased  scholar,  poet,  and  minister  of  the  Islands. 
Young  Stirke  entered  Cambridge,  graduated  in  1641,  and  became  a 
man  of  science. 

Although  the  House  of  Commons  in  1645,  had  ordered  liberty  of 
conscience  and  worship  in  the  Plantations,  the  Independents  of  Somers 
Island  and  Virginia  were  oppressed  by  those  in  power. 

In  behalf  of  the  Congregationalists  of  the  former  place,  Captain 
Sayle  explored  and  selected  one  of  the  isles  of  the  Bahamas,  for  the 
use  of  all  who  desire  entire  freedom  of  worship.  He  then  went  to  Vir 
ginia  and  extended  an  invitation  to  Rev.  Mr.  Harrison's  congregation 
to  cast  in  their  lot  with  them.  In  November,  1646,  he  and  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Golding  came  to  Boston  and  from  thence  sailed  to  England, 
where  they  obtained  a  patent  from  Parliament,  for  the  settling  of 
Eleuthera,  with  provision  for  entire  liberty  of  conscience.  Upon 
Sayle's  return,  about  seventy  persons  left  Somers  Island  for  Eleuthera, 
among  whom  was  the  venerable  Patrick  Copland  nearly  eighty  years 
of  age.  The  isle  proved  a  dreary  place,  and  they  suffered  for  food. 
The  Boston  churches  hearing  of  their  destitution  in  1650  or  1651,  sent 
to  them  a  ship  filled  with  supplies,  which  arrived  on  Sunday,  just  as 
their  faithful  pastor  had  finished  an  exposition  of  the  23d  Psalm. 

Authorities  consulted  in  preparing  of  the  above  sketch  :  Calendar  of 
East  India  Co.  Papers;  Virginia  Co.  MSS. ;  Hubbard,  Winslow, 
Johnson,  Winthrop,  Nichols  Progresses  of  King  James. 


116  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

several  cures  throughout  the  Colony  do  duly,  upon 
every  Sabbath  day,  read  such  prayers  as  are  appointed 
and  prescribed  unto  them,  by  the  said  Book  of  Common 
Prayer. 

44  And  be  it  further  enacted,  as  a  further  penalty  to 
such  as  have  neglected,  or  shall  neglect  their  duty 
herein,  that  no  parishioners  shall  be  compelled,  either 
by  distress  or  otherwise,  to  pay  any  manner  of  tithes  or 
duties,  to  any  non-conformist  aforesaid." 

The  next  year  Berkeley  ordered  Harrison,  and  Elder 

William  Durand  to  leave  Virginia.1     Harrison  went 


1  William  Durand  of  Upper  Norfolk  in  Virginia  had  listened  to 
the  preaching  of  Rev.  John  Davenport,  first  minister  of  New  Haven, 
Ct.,  when  he  was  Vicar  of  St.  Stephens,  Coleman  street,  London. 

There  came  with  him  to  Maryland  in  1648,  his  wife,  his  daughter 
Elizabeth,  and  four  other  children.  Two  freemen,  William  Pell  and 

Archer,  and  servants  Thomas  Marsh,  Margaret  Marsh,  William 

Warren,  William  Hogg,  and  Ann  Coles.  The  Commissioners  who 
in  1652,  made  a  treaty  with  the  Susquehannas,  at  the  Severn 
River  were  Richard  Bennett,  Edward  Lloyd,  William  Fuller,  Leonard 
Strong  and  Thomas  Marsh. 

In  October  1651,  Durand  obtained  a  grant  of  land  at  the  Cliffs  of 
the  Chespeake  in  Calvert  County,  near  the  possessions  of  Leonard 
Strong  and  William  Fuller.  In  1654,  he  was  made  Secretary  of  the 
Province.  When  the  Quakers  arrived  he  was  kind  to  them,  and  one 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  in  1658,  writes  "  William  Fuller  abides 
unmoved  :  I  know  not  but  that  William  Durand  doth  the  like. " 

Rev.  Thomas  Harrison  received  the  degree  of  D.D.,  alter  he  went  to 
England.  On  October  llth,  1649,  the  Council  of  State  wrote  to  Gov 
ernor  Berkeley  that  they  were  informed,  by  petition  of  the  congrega 
tion  of  Nansemond,  that  their  minister  Mr.  Harrison,  an  able  man,  of 
unblamable  conversation  had  been  banished  the  Colony  because  he 
would  not  conform  to  the  use  of  the  Common  Prayer  Book,  and  as 
he  could  not  be  ignorant,  that  the  use  of  it  was  prohibited  by  Parlia 
ment,  he  was  directed  to  allow  Mr.  Harrison  to  return  to  his  ministry." 


PURITANS  IN  MARYLAND.    •          117 

to  Boston,  consulted  with  friends,  and  as  a  result  sailed 
for  England,  to  complain  of  Berkeley's  tyranny,  and 
Durand  began  to  negotiate  for  a  settlement  in  Mary 
land. 

Upon  the  express  assurance,  that  there  would  be  a 
modification  of  the  oaths  of  office  and  fidelity,  an  en 
joyment  of  liberty  of  conscience,  and  the  privilege  of 
choice  in  officers,  the  Virginia  non-conformists  agreed 
to  remove  to  the  banks  of  the  Severn.' 


Harrison  Dever  went  back  but  became  Chaplain  of  Cromwell's  son 
Henry,  when  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  was  in  Dublin  at  the 
time  of  Oliver  Cromwell's  death,  and  pre  died  a  funeral  sermon  from 
Lamentations  5  ch.  16  v.  "  The  crown  is  fallen  from  our  head;  wo 
unto  us  that  we  have  sinned."  It  was  published  with  the  following 
title  :"  Threni  Hybernici :  or  Ireland  sympathizing  with  England  and 
Scotland,  in  a  sad  lamentation  for  the  loss  of  their  Josiah.  Repre 
sented  in  a  sermon  at  Christ  Church  in  Dublin,  before  his  Excellency 
the  Lord  Deputy,  with  divers  of  the  Nobility,  Gentry,  and  Commonality 
there  assembled  to  celebrate  a  funeral  solemnity,  upon  the  death  of 
the  Lord  Protector  ;  by  Dr.  Harrison,  Chief  Chaplain  to  his  said  Ex 
cellency." 

Upon  the  accession  of  Charles  the  Second,  unable  to  accept  the 
terms  of  conformity,  he  retired  to  Chester,  England.  An  officer  on 
the  3d  of  July,  1665,  reports :  "  A  conventicle  of  one  hundred  persons 
was  appointed  at  the  house  of  Dr.  Thomas  Harrison,  late  Chaplain  of 
Harry  Cromwell  ,  broke  open  the  house,  found  some  under  the  beds, 
others  in  the  closets,  and  thirty  were  taken  before  the  Mayor." 

Just  before  he  left  America,  he  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
Samuel  Symonds  formerly  of  Yeldham,  Essex,  who  came  to  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  in  1637  and  died  in  1678,  having  been  for  several  years  Deputy 
Governor,  and  respected  for  his  great  worth.  Mrs.  Lucy  Downing,  sister 
of  Gov.  Wiuthrop,  of  Mass. ,  in  a  letter  to  her  nephew,  John  Winthrop  of 
Ct.,  writes  under  date  of  Dec.  17,  1648.  "  You  hear,  I  believe,  our 
cousin  Dorothy  Simonds,  is  now  won  and  wedded  to  Mr.  Harrison, 
the  Virginia  minister." 

1  Hammond. 


118  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

William  Stone  of  Hungar's  Neck,  Eastern  Shore  of 
Virginia,  a  nephew  of  Thomas  Stone,  haberdasher  of 
London,  and  brother-in-law  of  Francis  Doughty,1  a 
non-conformist  minister,  was  on  the  6th  of  August, 
1648,  commissioned  Governor,  in  the  place  of  Thomas 
Green. 

In  accordance  with  stipulations  with  the  Puritans, 
in  his  commission,  is  found  for  the  first  time,  the 
pledge,  not  to  disturb  any  person  professing  to  believe 
in  Jesus  Christ  merely  for,  or  in  respect  of  his  or  her 
religion,  or  the  free  exercise  thereof.2 


1  In  Governor  Stone's  will  Francis  Doughty  is  called  his  brother-in- 
law.  Donghty  was  the  son  of  a  Bristol  alderman  and  probably  the 
same  person  who  when  Vicar  of  Sodbury,  Gloucester,  had  been  arraigned 
before  the  High  Commissioner,  for  contempt  of  his  Sacred  Majesty, 
having  spoken  of  him,  in  prayer,  as  "  Charles  by  common  election, 
and  general  consent,  King  of  England." 

In  1639,  he  came  to  Massachusetts,  and  from  thence  went  to  Long 
Island,  and  while  there  used  to  preach  to  the  English-speaking  mem 
bers  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  Manhattan,  now  New  York  City. 
His  daughter  Mary,  there  married  Adrian  Vander  Donk,  a  Leyden 
graduate  and  distinguished  lawyer.  After  his  decease,  she  became  the 
wife  of  Hugh  O'Neal  of  Patuxent,  Maryland,  and  her  father  appears 
to  have  resided  in  the  same  vicinity.  Herrman,  one  of  the  New 
Netherlands  Commissioners,  says  that  while  he  was  dining  with 
Philip  Calvert,  on  Sunday,  the  13th  of  October,  1659,  "  Mr.  Doughty, 
the  minister  accidentally  called." 

3  Streeter  who  made  a  thorough  investigation  says  :  "  Mr.  Chalmers 
was  in  error,  when  he  asserted,  that  in  the  oath  taken  by  the  Governor 
and  Council,  between  the  years  1637  and  1657,  there  was  a  clause  bind 
ing  them  not  to  molest  any  one,  on  account  of  his  religion,  who  pro 
fessed  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ.  The  oath  of  1639  is  the  first  on 
record  administered  to  the  Governor  and  Council ;  and  it  most  carefully 
avoids  all  allusion  to  religion.  The  same  form  was  certainly  in  use, 
as  late  as  April,  1643,  when  James  Neal  took  the  oath  of  Councillor, 


PLOWDEN  ON  TOLERATION.  119 

Plowden,  who  had  lived  in  Virginia,  at  the  time  of 
the  controversy,  between  Berkeley  and  the  non-con 
formists,  in  the  description  of  Nova  Albion,  pub 
lished  in  London,  1648,  advocated  the  principle,  insisted 
upon  by  the  Puritans,  as  a  condition  of  residence  in 
Maryland.  He  writes  of  religion  in  these  words :  "  I 
conceive  the  Holland  way,  now  practiced,  best  to 
content  all  parties.  By  Act  of  Parliament  or  General 
Assembly  to  settle  and  establish  all  the  fundamentals 
necessary  to  salvation,  as  the  three  creeds,  the  com 
mandments,  preaching  on  the  Lord's  Day,  and  great 
days,  and  catechism  in  the  afternoon,  the  sacraments 
of  the  altar  and  baptism 

"But  no  persecution  to  any  dissenting,  and  to  all  such, 
as  to  the  Walloons,  free  chapels,  and  to  punish  all  as 
seditious  and  for  contempt,  as  bitter,  rail,  and  condemn 
others  of  the  contrary ;  for  this  argument  or  persuasion, 
all  religious  ceremonies  L  r  church  discipline  should  be 
acted  in  mildness,  love,  and  charity,  and  gentle  lan 
guage,  not  to  disturb  the  peace  or  quietness  of  the  in 
habitants." 


as  is  distinctly  stated,  according  to  the  form  described  in  the  act  of 
Assembly  of  March,  1639. 

If  Chalmers  meant  by  the  expression  "  between  1637,"  for  1637, 
as  many  have  contended,  he  was  clearly  mistaken  ;  if  he  intended  to 
leave  the  date  unfixed,  he  has  given  himself  large  scope,  and  afforded 
ground  for  false  inferences. 

The  prohibition  in  regard  to  molesting  believers  in  Christ  cannot 
be  found  in  any  commission  before  that  to  Governor  Stone  in  August, 
1648.  Streeter's  Early  Papers  ;  M'd  Hist.  Soc.  Publication,  1876, 
pp.  243,  244. 


120  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

The  legislature  of  1649  embodied  the  agreement, 
and  the  principle  recognized  in  Stone's  commission,  in 
the  "  Act  concerning  Religion." 

Hammond,  a  friend  of  Lord  Baltimore,  but  hostile 
to  the  non-conformists,  asserts,  that  the  inhabitants  were 
composed  of  conformists,  non-conformists,  and  a  "  few 
Papists." 

In  a  pamphlet  published  at  London,  in  1656,  he 
writes  :  "  And  there  was  in  Virginia,  a  certain  people 
congregated  into  a  church,  calling  themselves  Inde 
pendents,  which  daily  increasing,  several  consultations 
were  held  by  the  State  of  that  Colony,  how  to  suppress 
them,  which  was  duly  put  in  execution,  as  first,  the 
pastor  was  banished,  next  other  teachers,  then  many  by 
informations  clapt  up  in  prsion,  then  generally  dis 
armed,  which  was  very  harsh.  ******** 

"  Maryland  was  counted  by  them  as  a  refuge,  the 
Lord  Proprietor  and  his  Governor  solicited,  and  several 
addresses  made  for  their  admittance  and  entertainment 
into  that  Province."  These  conditions  were  presented ; 
"that  they  should  have  convenient  portion  of  land 
assigned,  the  liberty  of  conscience,  and  privilege 
to  choose  their  own  officers."  He  continues,  "  An 
Assembly  was  called  throughout  the  whole  country, 
after  their  coming  over,  consisting  as  well  of  them 
selves,  as  the  rest,  and  because  there  were  some 
few  Papists  that  first  inhabited,  these  themselves,  and 
others,  being  of  different  judgments,  an  Act  was  passed 


ACT  CONCERNING  RELIGION.  121 

that  all  professing  in  Jesus  Christ  should  have  equal 
justice."1  Hammond  further  states,  that  at  the  request 
of  the  Virginia  Puritans,  "  the  oath  of  fidelity  was 
overhauled,  and  this  clause  added  to  it,  '  provided  it 
infringe  not  the  liberty  of  conscience.' ' 

The  Act  was  not  approved  by  Lord  Baltimore  for 
many  months.  In  the  Record  Book,  the  following  note 
is  appended,  signed  Philip  Calvert.  "  An  Act  of  As 
sembly,  21st  April,  1649,  confirmed  by  the  Lord  Pro 
prietary  by  an  instrument  under  his  hand  and  seal 
dated  Aug.  26,  1650."2 

Lord  Baltimore's  defence  before  Parliament,  speaks 
of  this  law  originating  in  Maryland.  He  writes  in  one 
place  :  "  Although  those  laws  were  assented  unto  by  the 
Lord  Baltimore  in  August,  1650,  yet  it  appears,  that 
some  of  them  were  enacted  in  Maryland,  by  the  As 
sembly  there,  in  April  1649."  In  another  place,  speak 
ing  of  a  law  of  1650,  is  the  following  statement : 

"  It  was  one  of  those  laws  passed  by  the  Assembly 
in  Maryland,  in  April  1650,  when  the  people  there 
knew  of  the  late  King's  death,  a  year  after,  the  other 
law  above  mentioned,  with  divers  others,  which  were 
enacted  in  April,  1649,3  as  aforesaid,  though  in  the  in- 

I  Leah  and  Rachel.     London,  1656. 
a  Annapolis  Manuscripts. 

II  Blome  in  his  Britannia  published  in  1673,  at  London,  and  to  which 
book  Cecil,  Lord  Baltimore  was  a  subscriber,  asserts  that  "  His  Lord 
ship,  by  advice  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  province,  hath  long 
since  established  a  model  of  good  and  wholesome  laws,  with  toleration 
of  religion,  to  all  sorts,  that  profess  faith  in  Christ. " 

16 


122  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

grossment  of  them  all  here,  when  the  Lord  Baltimore 
gave  his  assent  to  them  altogether,  in  August  1650,  it 
was  written  before  it,  because  they  were  transposed 
here,  in  such  order,  as  the  Lord  Baltimore  thought 
fit,  according  to  the  nature,  and  more  or  less  import 
ance  of  them,  placing  the  Act  concerning  Religion 
first."1 

This  Act  was  contrary  to  the  teachings  of  the  Church 
of  Eome,  since  it  was  the  recognition  of  Christians 
who  rejected  the   Pope,  and  when  the  Assembly  of 
1650  met,  there  was  an  expression  of  dissatisfaction. 
The  burgesses  of  the  Assembly  were  as  follows. 
John  Hatch,  St.  George's  Hundred. 

Walter  Beane,  "         "  " 

John  Medley,  Newtowu  " 

William  Brough, 

Robert  Robins,  "  " 

Francis  Posey,  St.  Clement's       " 

Philip  Land,  St.  Mary's  " 

Francis  Brooks,  "        "  " 

Thomas  Mathews,         St.  Inigo's  " 

Thomas  Sterman,         St.  Michael's        " 
George  Manners,  "         "  " 

James  Cox,  Anne  Arundel 

George  Puddington,         "  "  « 

When  the  delegates  came  to  be  sworn,  all  the  Roman 
Catholics,  four  in  number,  objected  to  the  principles 
of  the  Act  concerning  Religion,  passed  by  the  last 


1  The  Lord  Baltimore's  Case.    London,  1COU. 


WILKINSON  THE  CLERGYMAN.  123 

Assembly.  Medley,  Manners,  and  Land  thought  it 
was  not  right  to  have  a  perpetual  law  upon  the  sub 
ject,  but  Thomas  Mathews,  who  came  from  the  precinct 
in  which  the  home  of  the  Jesuits  was^situated,  told  the 
Assembly,  that  he  could  not  take  the  oath  of  toleration, 
"as  he  wished  to  be  guided,  in  matters  of  conscience, 
by  spiritual  counsel."1 

He  was  then  censured  and  expelled,  and  Cuthbert 
Fenwick  was  returned  in  his  place. 

It  was  not,  until  after  the  Act  concerning  Religion, 
was  passed,  that  any  Protestant  clergyman  per 
manently  settled  in  the  Province. 

About  the  year  1650,  there  arrived  William  Wilkin 
son,  Cl'k,  about  fifty  years  of  age,  with  his  wife, 
daughters  Mary,  Rebecca,  Elizabeth,  step-daughter 
Margaret,  and  servants  Robert  Cornish,  and  Ann 
Stevens.  Like  Father  Thomas  Copley,  he  engaged 
in  trade,  to  assist  in  his  support.2 


1  Annapolis  Manuscripts. 

2  Early  in  1654  Stringer,  a  carpenter,  died  at  Wilkinson's  house,  and 
left  chests,  locked  up  in  the  store.     In  rendering  the  account  of  this 
man's  estate,  the  Minister  presents  a  curious  mingling  of  charges,  in 
tobacco  v.  eight. 

For  the  use  of  his  boat  and  a  boy.  Ibs.  50 

"   boarding  at  his  house  7  or  8  days  and  2  men.  400 

"    funeral  sermon.  100 

dinner.  300 

"   a  plank  for  his  coffin.  60 

In  his  will  made  May  29,  1663,  his  daughter  Rebecca  is  spoken  of  as 
the  wife  of  William  Hatton,  and  Eliza  as  the  wife  of  Thomas  Dent. 
Dent  was  among  the  first  settlers  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
In  1662  he  entered  a  tract  of  land  called  Gisborough,  on  the  east 
side  of  Anacostan  River,  in  a  branch  called  Eastern  Branch.     The  name 


124    THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

In  1652  Captain  William  Mitchell,  one  of  the  worst 
men  in  the  Province,  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Council,  by  Lord  Baltimore.  He  was  suspected  of 
poisoning  his  wife  on  a  voyage  to  America.  Ann, 
daughter  of  Elizabeth  Bolton,  of  St.  Martins  in  the 
Fields,  Middlesex,  was  hired  as  a  servant,  to  act  as 
governess,  whom  he  harshly  used,  and  then  sold  to 
Francis  Brooke,  for  a  wife. 

At  a  Court,  held  on  22d  of  June,  1652,  at  Saint 
Mary's,  Thomas  Cole,  aged  thirty-two  years,  deposed  : 
"  That  before  coming  out  of  England  he  was  at  Mr. 
Edmond  Plowden's  chamber.  He  asked  me  with 
whom  I  lived  ?  I  replied  Capt  Mitchell.  He  persuad 
ing  me  not  to  go  with  him  to  Virginia,  asked  me  *  Of 
what  religion  he  was,  and  whether  I  ever  saw  him  go 
to  church  ? '  I  made  answer  '  I  never  saw  him  go  to 
church.'  He  replied,  *  that  Captain  Mitchell  being 
among  a  company  of  gentlemen,  he  wondered,  that  the 
world  had  been,  so  many  hundred  years,  deluded  with 
a  man  and  a  pigeon.'" 

Mr.  Plowden  then  told  Cole,  that  by  the  dove,  was 
meant  "  the  Holy  Ghost,"  and  by  the  man,  "  our 
Saviour,  Christ." 

The  Province  of  Maryland,  in  1652,  by  commission- 
is  still  retained,  and  the  U.  S.  Government  Asylum  for  the  Insane  is 
on  or  near  the  tract. 

The  place  was  probably  called  from  Gisborough  a  town  on  the  flats 
of  the  river  Tees  in  North  Yorkshire,  where  a  Dent  family  lived. 

In  1672  Rev.  Mr.  Nicholet  of  Salem,  Mass.,  who  had  lived  in  Mary 
land,  spoke  of  five  Protestants  whom  he  often  met,  Mr.  Dent,  Mr. 
Hatton,  Mr.  Hill,  Mr.  Hanson,  and  Mr.  Thoroughgood. 


CONFLICT  WITH  PROPRIETARY.  125 

era  from  Parliament,  was  reduced  and  settled  with  the 
authority  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England,  and  Go 
vernor  Stone  was  continued  in  office,  having  promised 
to  issue  all  writs  and  other  processes  in  the  name  of 
"  the  keepers  of  the  liberty  of  England." 

The  next  year,  under  directions  from  Lord  Balti 
more,  Stone  violated  the  compact,  and  began  to  issue 
writs  in  the  Lord  Proprietary's  name,  to  admit  to  the 
Council  only  those  appointed  by  Lord  Baltimore,  and 
require  the  inhabitants  to  take  an  oath  of  fidelity, 
which  if  refused  by  any  colonist,  after  three  months 
his  lands  were  to  be  confiscated  for  the  use  of  the  Pro 
prietary. 

At  the  request  of  Eichard  Preston,  and  over  one 
hundred  other  planters,  the  Parliament  Commissioners 
visited  Maryland,  and  on  the  20th  of  July,  1654, 
Stone  "  laid  down  his  power  as  Governor  of  this  pro 
vince  under  his  Lordship,  and  did  promise  for  the 
future  to  submit  to  such  government  as  shall  be 
selected  by  the  Commissioners,  in  the  name  and  under 
the  authority  of  His  Highness,  the  Lord  Protector." 

In  1653  Lord  Baltimore  printed  the  statement  of  his 
reasons,  as  presented  to  Parliament,  why  his  charter 
should  not  be  abrogated.  The  last  is  as  follows  :  "  If 
the  Lord  Baltimore  should  by  this  Commonwealth,  be 
prejudiced  in  any  of  the  rights  or  privileges  of  his 
patent  of  that  Province ;  it  would  be  a  great  discour 
agement,  to  others  in  foreign  plantations,  upon  any 
exigency  to  adhere  to  the  interest  of  this  Common- 


126  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

wealth ;  because  it  is  notoriously  known,  that  by  his 
express  direction,  his  officers  and  the  people  there  did 
adhere  to  the  interest  of  this  Commonwealth,  when 
all  other  English  plantations,  except  New  England, 
declared  against  the  Parliament,  and  at  that  time  re 
ceived  their  friends,  in  time  of  distress,  for  which,  he 
was  like,  divers  times,  to  be  deprived  of  his  interest 
there,  by  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and  others,  who  had 
commissions  from  the  late  King's  eldest  son,  for  that 
purpose,  as  appears  by  a  commission,  granted  by  him 
to  Sir  Wm.  Davenant."1 

In  this  pamphlet  he  also  states  that  his  opponents  in 
Maryland  were  "  obscure  and  factious  fellows." 


1  Sir  Wm.  Davenant  K't  was  Shakspeare's  godson,  and  like  his 
godfather  was  given  to  poetry.  On  the  16th  day  of  February,  1649-50, 
Charles  issued  a  commission  from  his  exile  in  Jersey,  the  opening  para 
graphs  of  which  were  as  follows  : 

"  Whereas  the  Lord  Baltimore,  Proprietary  of  the  Province  and 
plantations  in  Maryland,  in  America  doth  visibly  adhere  to  the  rebels 
of  England,  and  admit  all  kinds  of  schismatics  and  sectaries,  and  other 
ill  affected  persons,  with  the  said  plantations  of  Maryland,  so  that  we 
have  cause  to  apprehend  very  great  prejudice  to  our  service  thereby, 
and  very  great  danger  to  our  plantations  in  Virginia,  who  have  car 
ried  themselves,  with  so  much  loyalty  and  fidelity  to  the  King,  our 
Father  of  blessed  memory,  and  to  us,  Know  ye,  therefore,  that  we 
reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the  courage,  conduct,  loyalty, 
and  good  affection  of  Sir  Wm.  Davenant,  and  for  prevention  of  the 
danger  and  inconveniences  above  mentioned,  do  by  these  presents, 
nominate,  constitute,  and  appoint  you,  our  Lieutenant  Governor  of  the 
said  province  or  plantations  of  Maryland." 

With  the  aid  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  Davenant  sailed  from  a  port 
in  Normandy,  with  a  company  of  weavers  and  mechanics,  but  on  the 
voyage,  was  captured,  and  brought  to  England.  Lodged  in  the  Tower, 
he  there  finished  his  poem  of  Gondibert,  and  at  length  was  released 
"  from  durance  vile,"  by  the  intercession  of  the  great  Puritan  poet,  John 
Milton. 


FATHERS  COPLEY  AND  STARKEY.          127 

A  review  of  this  publication  was  in  1655,  printed  in 
London,  which  thus  answers  this  allusion. 

"  The  Lord  Baltimore  pretends,  in  print,  his  enter 
tainment  in  Maryland,  of  the  Parliament  friends  thrust 
out  of  Virginia ;  but  those  very  men  whom  he  so 
styles,  coming  thither,  being  promised  by  Captain 
Stone,  he  would  decline  urging  the  oath  upon  them, 
complain  of  it,  to  the  Parliament,  are  in  answer  there 
unto  vilified  by  Lord  Baltimore,  and  publicly  taxed 
for  obscure  and  factious  fellows ;  and  in  his  later  letters, 
termed  the  basest  of  men,  and  unworthy  of  the  least 
favor  or  forbearance. 

"  Such  advantages  doth  he  make  on  all  sides,  at  such 
a  distance,  and  in  such  uncomposed  times,  that  he 
confidently  takes  the  liberty,  to  aver  such  extreme 
and  contrary  things,  which  amaze  other  men,  that  see 
them.  The  place  as  himself  confessed,  had  been  de 
serted,  if  not  peopled  from  Virginia." 

In  1652,  Father  Thomas  Copley  died,  and  Father 
Lawrence  Starkey  assumed  the  duties  he  performed. 
Starkey  was  born  in  Lancashire  in  1606,  and  at  the 
age  of  thirty  joined  the  order  of  Jesuits.  He  came  to 
Maryland  in  1649,  and  died  in  February,  1657,  and 
Ralph  Crouch  appears  to  have  been  his  successor.  Sur 
geon  Henry  Hooper,  who  died  about  the  year  1650,  left 
a  legacy  to  Ralph  Crouch  for  such  "  pious  uses  as  he 
thinks  fit." 

A  complaint  was  made  to  the  Provincial  Court  in 
the  spring  of  1654,  that  Luke  Gardiner  who  had  been 


128          THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

in  the  service  of  Father  Copley  did  in  "  an  uncivil,  re 
fractory,  and  insolent  manner,  detain  at  his  house 
Eleanor  Hatton,  sister-in-law  of  Lt.  Richard  Banks, 
and  niece  of  his  Lordship's  Secretary  Thomas  Hatton 
endeavoring  as  was  "  probably  reported  to  train  her 
up  in  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  contrary  to  the 
mind  and  will  of  her  mother  and  uncle." 

Lt.  Richard  Banks  was  authorized  to  go  and  take 
her  from  the  custody  of  Gardiner. 

This  year  Father  Francis  Fitzherbert,  without  any 
companion,  sailed  for  Maryland.  The  vessel,  in  which 
he  was  a  passenger,  was  exposed  to  a  series  of  gales. 
The  Jesuit  Relation  for  that  year  says :  "  The 
tempest  lasted,  in  all,  two  months,  whence,  the  opin 
ion  arose,  that  it  was  not  on  account  of  the  violence 
of  the  ship,  or  atmosphere,  but  was  occasioned  by 
the  malevolence  of  witches.  Forthwith  they  seize 
a  little  old  woman  suspected  of  sorcery,  guilty  or 
not  guilty,  they  slay  her,  suspected  of  this  and  after 
examining  her  with  the  strictest  scrutiny,  very  heinous 
sin."  The  tragedy  is  more  fully  alluded  to  in  the 
Provincial  Records.  Mr.  Henry  Corbyn,  a  young 
merchant  from  London,1  described  the  circumstance 

1  Henry  Corbyn  or  Corbin  was  twenty-five  years  of  age  in  1654,  and 
was  the  founder  of  the  Virginia  family  of  that  name.  He  lived  between 
the  Rappahannock  and  Potomac.  In  1G57  was  the  register  of  the 
vestry  ot  the  Parish.  The  immigrants  Washington  came  about  the 
same  time. 

His  son  Gawin  was  President  of  the  Council  of  Virginia  and  had 
four  daughters,  and  three  sons,  one  of  whom,  Richard,  in  1754  used  his 
influence  to  procure  young  Washington  a  commission,  which  he  en 
closed  with  the  following  note  : 

"  Dear  George  :  I  inclose  you  a  commission.  God  prosper  you  with 
it.  Your  friend,  Richard  Corbin. " 


MARY  LEE  HUNG.  129 

to  the  Governor  and  Council  of  Maryland.  He  was  a 
passenger  on  the  ship  Charity,  John  Bosworth,  Master. 
Two  or  three  weeks  before  they  reached  the  Chesapeake, 
it  was  rumored  among  the  sailors,  that  Mary  Lee,  one 
of  the  passengers,  was  a  witch,  and  they  asked  the 
Captain  to  have  a  trial,  but  he  at  first  refused.  The 
ship  daily  became  more  leaky,  and  the  Captain  con 
sulted  with  Corbyn  and  Robert  Chipsham  also  a  mer 
chant,  and  to  allay  the  fears  of  the  seamen  it  was 
decided  to  allow  an  examination. 

Two  of  the  seamen,  without  orders,  searched  her 
body  and  declared  she  had  witch  marks.  During  the 
night,  she  was  fastened  to  the  capstan,  and  the  next 
morning,  the  marks  "  for  the  most  part  were  shrunk 
into  her  body."  The  sailors  then  asked  Corbyn  to 
examine  her,  and  she  confessed  she  was  a  witch.  The 
Captain  of  the  ship  retired  to  his  cabin,  and  the  sailors, 
notwithstanding  his  protest,  took  and  hung  her,  and 
then  cast  her  body  in  the  sea. 

Francis  Darby,  Gent., aged  thirty-nineyears,deposed, 
that  this  statement  was  correct,  and  he  was  probably 
Father  Francis  Fitzherbert,  as  it  was  common  for 
Jesuits  to  take  another  name,  when  on  a  journey. 1 

During  the  sway  of  the  Parliament  commissioners, 
Thomas  Mathews,  William  Boreman,  John  Pyle,  and 
John  Dandy2  acknowledged  their  belief  in  the  su 
premacy  of  the  Pope. 

1  Annapolis  manuscript  record. 

3  John  Dandy  had  been  in  Clayborne's  employ  at  Kent  Island,  and 
was  a  violent  blacksmith.  In  October,  1640,  he  was  summoned  by  the 
Assembly  to  answer  for  misdemeanors.  In  October,  1057,  he  was  tried 

17 


130          THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

On  the  30th  of  November,  1657,  Lord  Baltimore 
agreed  to  forget  past  controversies,  to  omit  the  clauses 
in  the  oath  of  fidelity,  to  which  the  Protestants  of  the 
Province  objected,  and  did  further  promise  u  that  he 
would  never  give  his  assent  to  the  repeal  of  a  law  es 
tablished  in  Maryland,  whereby  all  persons  professing 
to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  have  freedom  of  conscience 
there,"  and  then  the  Commissioners  of  Parliament  sur 
rendered  their  power,  and  once  more  he  appointed  his 
own  officers. 

The  next  year  Maryland  linked  herself  with  Massa 
chusetts  in  the  persecution  of  the  Quakers. 

Toward  the  latter  part  of  1657  a  ship  arrived  at 
Jamestown  with  Thomas  Thurstou  and  Josiah  Cole, 
preachers  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  They  were  looked 
upon  as  disturbers  of  the  peace  and  imprisoned  by  the 
Virginians.  After  their  release  they  went  to  Maryland 
and  were  kindly  received  by  the  Puritans  William  Du- 
rand  and  William  Fuller,  and  hospitably  entertained 
by  Richard  Preston  of  Patuxent1  and  his  son-in-law 
William  Berry.  As  they  were  conscientiously  opposed 
to  swearing,  they  in  the  place  of  judicial  oaths,  simply 
affirmed.  This  fact,  and  the  wearing  of  their  hats,  gave 
offence  to  Lord  Baltimore's  officers. 

At  a  court  held  at  Patuxent  July  8,  1658,  a  warrant 
was  issued  for  Cole  and  Thurston  because  they  had 


for  cruelty  to  a  servant  causing  his  death,  found  guilty  and  hung  on 
an  island  at  the  mouth  of  Leonard's  Creek. 

1  Richard  Preston  in  1649  came  with  seven  in  his  family,  and  entered 
land  for  73  persons. 


QUAKERS  WHIPPED.  131 

remained  in  the  Province,  above  one  month,  without 
taking  the  oath  of  fidelity.  Two  weeks  later,  "  taking 
into  consideration  the  insolent  behavior  of  some  people 
called  Quakers,  who  at  the  Court,  in  contempt  of  an 
order  there  made  and  proclaimed,  would  presumptu 
ously  stand  covered,"  the  authorities  banished  them 
and  they  made  their  way  to  the  Dutch  settlement  at 
Manhattan  through  the  Indian  country. 

Preston  and  others  were  fined  for  entertaining  the 
preachers,  and  one  was  whipped  for  refusing  to  assist 
a  Sheriff  in  arresting  Thurston. 

The  council,  in  1659,  issued  an  "  order  to  seize  and 
whip  them,  from  constable  to  constable,"  until  they 
be  sent  out  of  the  Province. 

Francis  Howgill  published  at  London,  in  1660,  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "  The  Deceiver  of  the  Nations  disco- 
vered,  and  his  cruelty  made  manifest,  more  especially  his 
cruel  works  of  darkness  in  Mariland,  and  Virginia." 

Alluding  to  the  treatment  of  Cole  and  Thurston  he 
remarks : 

"The  Indians,  whom  they  judged  to  be  heathen, 
exceeded  in  kindness,  in  courtesies,  in  love,  and 
mercy,  unto  them,  who  were  strangers,  which  is  a  shame 
to  the  mad,  rash  rulers  of  Mariland  that  have  acted 
so  barbarously  to  our  people,  and  them  that  came  to 
visit  them  in  the  name  of  the  Lord,  that  instead  of 
receiving  them,  rejected  them,  and  made  order  after 
order,  and  warrant  after  warrant,  for  pursuing,  banish 
ing  and  whipping  of  them,  who  came  to  them,  in  the 
name  of  the  Lord,  in  such  haste,  that  I  have  seen  fifteen 


132  THE  FOUNDERS  or  MARYLAND. 

warrants  out  against  one  man,  in  a  little  time,  and  in 
one  province." 

Josiah  Cole,  traveling  in  company  with  Jacob  Lum- 
brozo,  the  Jew  doctor,  in  July  1658,  asked  "  whether 
the  Jews  did  look  for  a  Messiah?"  Lumbrozo  an 
swered  ;  "  Yes."  Then  Cole  asked  "  Who  he  was  that 
was  crucified  at  Jerusalem  ?  "  The  Jew  replied  : 
"He  was  a  man."  Then  the  Quaker,  asked  "  How 
did  he  do  all  his  miracles  ? "  and  the  answer  was : 
u  He  did  them  by  art  magic."  Cole  continued : 
"  How  did  his  disciples  do  the  same  miracles,  after  he 
was  crucified  ? "  The  Doctor  replied  "  he  taught  them 
his  art."  Some  months  after  Cole  and  Thurston  were 
banished,  Lumbrozo  was  arraigned  for  blasphemy ,  when 
he  stated  to  the  court,  that  he  "  said  not  any  thing  scoff- 
ingly,  or  in  derogation  of  him  Christians  acknowledge 
for  their  Messiah,"  but  merely  declared  his  belief  as  a 
Jew. 

The  same  year  that  the  Quakers  appeared,  Father 
Fitzherbert  was  arraigned.  Henry  Coursey,  described 
by  Lord  Baltimore  as  "  a  person  of  good  repute  and 
credit,  and  well  esteemed  by  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Maryland,  he  being  of  the  Church  of  England,"  wrote 
to  his  Lordship  as  follows : 

u  Since  I  wrote  my  last  to  you,  I  have  received  a 
message  from  Mrs.  Gerrard,  which  is,  that  Mr.  Fitz 
herbert,  hath  threatened  excommunication  to  Mr. 
Gerrard,  because  he  doth  not  bring  to  church,  his 
wife  and  children.  And  further,  Mr.  Fitzherbert  saith, 


FATHER  FITZHERBERT  DISTRACTS.         133 

that  he  hath  written  home,  to  the  heads  of  the  Church, 
in  England,  and  that  if  it  be  their  judgments  to  have 
it  so,  he  will  come  with  a  party,  and  compel  them. 
My  Lord,  this  I  offer  to  your  Lordship,  as  Mrs.  Ger- 
rard's  relation,  who,  I  think,  would  not  offer  to  re 
port  any  such  thing,  if  it  were  not  so.  And,  my 
Lord,  I  thank  God,  the  government  of  the  country  is 
now  in  your  officers'  hand,  but  I  think,  and  have  good 
reasons  to  think  so,  that  it  will  not  long  continue 
there,  if  such  things  be  not  remedied. 

"  I  told  Mr.  Fitzherbert  of  it,  about  a  year  since,  in 
private,  and  also  that  such  things  were  against  the  law 
of  the  country. 

"  Yet,  his  answer  was,  that  he  must  be  directed  by 
his  conscience,  more  than  by  the  law  of  any  country. 
I  do  not  my  Lord,  thrust  myself  upon  any  business  of 
quarrel,  but  it  is  peace  and  quietness  I  desire.  And 
I  hope,  your  Lordship  hath  no  other  cause  but  to 
wish  the  same,  and  so  I  refer  the  consideration  of  it  to 
you." 

On  the  5th  of  October,  1658,  his  Lordship's  At 
torney  General,  at  a  Court  held  at  St.  Leonard's  Creek, 
presented  the  following : 

"  An  information  of  his  Lordship's  attorney  against 
Francis  Fitzherbert,  for  practising  of  treason  and  sedi 
tion,  and  giving  out  rebellious  and  mutinous  speeches, 
in  this  his  Lordship's  Province  of  Maryland,  and  en 
deavouring,  as  far  as  in  him  lay,  to  raise  distraction 
and  disturbances  in  this  his  Lordship's  said  Province. 


134  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

"  1.  Francis  Fitzherbert  did,  on  the  24th  of  August, 
1658,  traitorously  and  seditiously,  at  a  general  meet 
ing,  in  arms,  of  the  people  of  the  upper  part  of  Patux- 
ent  River,  to  muster,  endeavor  to  seduce  and  draw 
from  their  religion,  the  inhabitants  there  met  together." 

The  second  and  third  charges  were  of  the  same  pur 
port. 

"  4.  That  he  hath  rebelliously  and  mutinously  said, 
that  if  Thomas  G-errard  Esq.,  of  the  Council,  did  not 
come  and  bring  his  wife  and  children  to  his  church, 
he  would  come  and  force  them  to  the  Church,  con 
trary  to  a  known  Act  of  Assembly  for  this  Province." 

For  the  prosecution  there  were  several  witnesses. 
A  son-in-law  of  Gerrard,  Robert  Slye  the  husband  of 
his  daughter  Susannah,  deposed  :  That  some  time  in 
or  about  July  or  August  in  the  year  1656,  Mr.  Fitz 
herbert  being  at  his  house,  he  asked  him,  who  it  was, 
that  raised  the  report  that  he  had  beaten  his  Irish  ser 
vants,  because  they  refused  to  be  of  the  same  religion 
with  him.  Mr.  Fitzherbert  replied,  that  he  would  not 
and  could  not  disclose  the  author,  but  he  further  said 
that  Mr.  Gerrard  had  beaten  an  Irish  servant  of  his, 
because  she  refused  to  be  a  Protestant,  or  go  to  prayer 
with  the  family  that  were  so.  To  which  Mr.  Slye  re 
plied  that  the  story'was  unfounded. 

Mr.  Fitzherbert  then  said,  that  "  Gerrard,  although 
he  professed  himself  a  Roman  Catholic,  yet  his  life 
and  conversation  were  not  agreeable  to  his  profession, 
because  he  brought  not  his  wife  and  children  to  the 
church." 


FITZHERBERT' s  TRIAL.  135 

******  «  Mr  Fitzherbert  told  the  deponent 
further,  that  if  Mr.  Gerrard  brought  not  his  children 
freely  to  his  church,  nor  educated  them  in  the  princi 
ples  of  the  Komish  religion,  he  would  take  such  a 
course,  that  he  would  undertake  their  education  in  Mr. 
Gerrard's  own  house,  whether  Mr.  Gerrard  would  give 
way  thereunto  or  no." 

To  the  charges  Fitzherbert  demurred. 

"  1.  Neither  denying  or  confessing  the  matter  here 
objected,  since  by  the  very  first  law  of  this  country, 
Holy  Church,  within  this  province,  shall  have,  and 
enjoy  all  her  rights,  liberties  and  franchises,  wholly 
and  without  blemish,  amongst  which  that  of  preaching 
and  teaching  is  not  the  least. 

"  Neither  imports  it  what  church  is  there  meant ;  since 
by  the  true  intent  of  the  Act  concerning  Religion, 
every  church  professing  to  believe  in  God  the  Father, 
Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  is  accounted  Holy  Church  here. 

2.  Because,  by  the  act  entitled,  An  Act  concerning 
Religion,  it  is  provided  that  no  person  whatsoever,  pro 
fessing  to  believe  in  Jesus  Christ,  shall  be  molested,  for 
or  in  respect  of  his  or  her  religion,  or  the  free  exercise 
thereof.  And  undoubtedly  preaching  and  teaching,  is 
the  free  exercise  of  every  Churchman's  religion.  And 
upon  this  I  crave  judgment." 

The  Court  decided  that  the  charges  of  mutiny  and 
sedition  had  not  been  proved.  Gerrard,  it  was  evident, 
was  not  a  Roman  Catholic  at  heart. 

After  the  compromise  by  Lord  Baltimore  with  the 


136  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Parliament  Commissioners,  he  appointed  Josias  Fen- 
dall,  Governor.  On  the  28th  of  February  1659,  the 
Assembly  convened  at  Thomas  Gerrard's  house,  and 
on  the  first  of  March,  the  lower  branch  of  the  legisla 
ture  adjourned  to  the  residence  of  Robert  Slye,  his  son 
in-law,  and  declared  itself  the  highest  court  of  juris 
diction  in  the  Province.  Gerrard  and  his  fellow  coun 
cillor  Utie,  with  the  Governor,  assented  to  this  position, 
and  the  upper  house  ceased  to  sit  as  a  distinct  body, 
and  the  Assembly  as  the  source  of  power  issued  com 
missions. 

Soon  after  this  republican  movement,  Gerrard  seems 
to  have  changed  his  residence  to  Virginia.1 

The  Provincial  Records  contain  an  account  of  the 
hanging  of  a  witch,  in  1659,  in  the  presence  of  John 
Washington  the  first  American  ancestor  of  George 
Washington,  as  he  was  coming  from  England.  Wash- 

1  He  lived  at  Masthotick  Creek,  the  southern  boundary  of  West 
moreland  Co.,  Va.  On  March  3d  1670  he  entered  into  a  compact  with 
his  neighbors  John  Lee,  Henry  Corbin  and  Isaac  Allerton,  to  build  a 
banqueting  house  at  or  near  their  respective  lands. 

John  Lee  was  a  relative  of  Col.  Richard  Lee  a  friend  of  Parliament 
during  the  civil  war.  Isaac  Allerton  graduated  in  1650  at  Harvard. 
His  mother,  Fear  Brewster,  was  the  wife  of  Isaac  Allerton  Sr.  who 
came  with  her  father,  the  leader  of  the  Puritans,  to  Plymouth  Rock  in 
the  May  Flower.  Hancock,  the  son  of  Richard  Lee,  married  the 
daughter  of  Isaac  Allerton,  thus,  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  at  an 
early  day,  the  families  of  those  who  were  useful  and  faithful  to  the 
interests  of  the  commonwealth  of  England  intermarried. 

In  the  will  of  Thomas  Gerrard  dated  Feb.  5,  1672,  he  expressed  a 
wish  to  be  buried  in  Maryland,  by  the  side  of  his  first  wife  Susanna 
Snow,  and  appointed  Major  Isaac  Allerton,  John  Lee,  and  John  Cooper 
to  settle  his  estate. 

On  Herrman's  Map  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  engraved  by 
Faithorne,  drawn  in  1670,  Allerton's  plantation  is  marked. 


WASHINGTON'S  ANCESTORS. 

ington  complained  to  the  authorities  of  Maryland 
against  Edward  Prescott  for  hanging  a  witch,  and  the 
proceedings  of  the  Court  were  as  follows  : 

"  Present  October  5,  1659,  at  Mr.  George  Reade's 
house  Josias  Fendall  Esq.,  Governor  Philip  Calvert 
Esq.  Secretary,  Capt.  William  Stone,  Mr.  Thomas 
Gerrard,  Col.  Nathaniel  Utye,  Mr.  Baker  Brooke,  and 
Mr.  Edward  Lloyd. 

"  Whereas  John  Washington1  of  Westmoreland 
County  hath  made  comp1*  ag'st  Edward  Prescott, 
Merch't  Accusing  ye  s'd  Prescott  of  ffelony  unto  ye 
Gouvernor  of  this  Province,  alleging  how  that  hee  ye 

1 J.  L.  Chester,  Esq. ,  of  London,  a  careful  investigator,  has  pointed 
out  the  mistake  of  Sparks,  Irving  and  others  in  supposing  that  John 
Washington  was  the  son  of  Lawrence  of  Sulgrave. 

General  Washington  in  a  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Buchan  states  that 
his  ancestors  were  related  to  the  Fairfaxes. 

Henry  Fairfax,  Sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  and  Richard  Washington 
married  sisters,  Anna  and  Eleanora  Harrison  of  South  Cave,  York 
shire. 

William,  son  of  Henry  Fairfax,  became  President  of  the  Council  of 
Virginia,  and  his  daughter  married  Lawrence,  the  brother  of  General 
George  Washington.  Henry  Washington  had  a  son  Richard,  who 
was  in  Lincoln's  Inn.  (See  Fairfaxes  of  America,  Munsell,  Albany, 
1868,  p.  58.) 

Mr.  Chester  in  a  letter  to  me,  writes  of  this  Richard,  as  follows  :  "  In 
reply  to  your  inquiries  about  Henry  Washington  of  South  Cave,  I  am 
able  to  say  that  he  did  have  a  son  Richard.  Henry  Washington  was 
married  to  Eleanor  Harrison  in  1689  and  this  Richard  was  their  eldest 
son,  born  the  next  year.  His  father  died  in  1718,  and  the  widow 
lived  in  St.  Andrews'  Holborn,  London.  She  had  seven  children,  two 
were  baptized  at  South  Cave,  and  five  at  Doncaster  or  in  London." 

It  is  probable  that  John  Washington  was  one  of  the  sons  of  Richard 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  grandson  of  Henry,  and  that  the  Richard  Wash 
ington  of  London,  with  whom  General  George_Washington  frequently 
corresponded,  was  his  cousin,  and  the  son  of  another  child  of  Richard 
of  Lincoln's  Inn. 

18 


138  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

s'd  Prescott  hanged  a  witch,  on  his  ship,  as  hee  was 
outward  bound  from  England  within  the  last  yeare, 
upon  wich  complaynt  of  ye  s'd  Washington  the  Gov'r 
caused  ye  s'd  Edward  Prescott  to  bee  arrested.  Tak 
ing  bond  for  his  appearance  att  this  Provincial  Court 
of  40,000  Ibs.  Tobacco.  Gyving  moreover  notice  to  ye 
s'd  Washington,  by  letter  of  his  proceedings  therein, 
a  copie  of  wich  1'tre,  with  the  said  Washington's  an- 
swere  thereto  are  as  followeth  : 

"  Mr.  Washington,  Upon  yo'r  complaynt  to  mee  y't 
Mr.  Prescott  did  in  his  voyage  from  England  hither 
cause  a  woman  to  bee  executed  for  a  witch,  I  have 
caused  him  be  apprehended  uppon  suspition  of  ffelony 
and  I've  intend  to  bind  him  over  to  ye  Provincial 
Court  to  answer  it,  where  I  doe  allso  expect  you  to  bee 
to  make  good  ye  charge.  Hee  will  be  called  uppon 
his  Tryal  ye  4th  or  5th  of  October  next,  at  ye  Court, 
to  be  held  there  at  Patux't  neare  Mr  Fenwick's 
house,  where  I  suppose  you  will  not  fayle  to  bee. 
Witnesses  examined  in  Virginia  will  bee  of  no  value 
here  in  this  case,  for  they  must  be  face  to  face,  with 
ye  party  accused,  or  they  stand  for  nothing.  I  thought 
good  to  acquaynt  you  with  this,  that  you  may  not  come 
unprovided. 

"  This  at  present  Sr  is  all  from 

Yo'r  ffriend 

JOSIAS  FENDALL. 

29th  September. 


A  WITCH  HUNG.  139 

"  Hon'ble  S'r.  YoM  of  this  29th  instant,  this  day  I 
received.  I  am  sorry  y't  my  extraordinary  occasions, 
will  not  permit  me  to  bee  at  ye  next  Provincial  Court 
to  bee  held  at  Mary  Land  ye  4th  of  this  next 'month. 

Because  then,  God  willing,  I  intend  to  gett  my 
young  sonne  baptized.1  All  ye  company  and  Gossips2 
being  already  invited.  Besides  in  this  short  time  wit. 
nesses  cannot  bee  gott  to  come  over.  But  if  Mr.  Pres- 
cott  bee  bound  to  answer  at  ye  next  Provincial!  Court 
after  this,  I  shall  doe  what  lyeth  in  my  power,  to  get 
them  over.  Sr  I  shall  desire  you  for  to  acquaynt  mee, 
whether  Mr.  Prescott  be  bound  over  to  ye  next  Court, 
and  when  ye  Court  is,  that  I  may  have  sometime  for 

to  provide  evidence. 

Yo'r  ffriend  &  Serv't, 

30  Sept.  1659.  JOHN  WASHINGTON. 

"  To  which  complaint  Edward  Prescott  submitting 
himself  to  trial,  denied  not,  that  one  Elizabeth  Rich 
ardson  was  hanged  on  his  ship,  as  he  was  outward 


1  The  Rev.  Mr.  Cole  was  the  first  clergyman  on  the  Virginia  side 
of  the  Potomac  and  at  this  time  lived  at  Matschotick,  Westmoreland, 
a  near  neighbor  of  the  pioneer  settlers  Lee,  Gerrard,  Washington, 
and  Isaac  Allerton  the  grandson  of  William  Brewster,  the  head  of  the 
Puritans  of  Plymouth  Rock. 

3  Gossips,  sponsors  for  an  infant  in  baptism  from  the  Anglo-Saxon 
God  and  syb  or  sip  kindred  or  affinity.  Verstegan  says,  "  Our  Christ 
ian  ancestors  understanding  a  spiritual  affinity  to  grow  between  the 
parents,  and  such  as  undertook  for  the  child  at  baptism,  called  each 
other  by  the  name  of  God-sib,  which  is  as  much  to  say,  as  that  they 
were  sib  together,  that  is  of  kin  together  through  God." 


140  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

bound,  the  last  year,  from  England,  and  near  the  West 
Isles  by  Master  John  Greene,  and  the  company,  hung/' 
No  one  appearing  to  deny  this  plea,  that  he  was  not 
responsible  for  the  acts  of  Greene  and  his  crew,  the 
accused  was  discharged. 


THE  CONDITION  OF  RELIGION  FROM  THE 
ACCESSION  OF  CHAELES  THE  SECOND  UN 
TIL  A.D.  1700. 


JL  HE  absence  of  towns,  and  the  separation  of  plan 
tations  by  numerous  streams  and  dense  forests  were  un 
favorable  to  the  upbuilding  of  churches.  As  there 
were  no  centres  of  population,  the  accession  of  Charles 
the  Second  found  only  one  clergyman,  who  was  more 
than  sixty  years  of  age,  employed  in  the  duties  of  his 
profession. 

The  Society  of  Friends  with  their  migratory  evan 
gelists  of  both  sexes,  discovered  a  field  in  Maryland, 
ripe  for  their  labors.  The  non-conformists  who  came 
from  Virginia,  as  they  were  not  able  in  their  scattered 
residences,  to  support  a  pastor,  willingly  listened  to 
preaching  of  the  Gospel,  by  the  new  sect  developed  by 
the  agitations  of  the  Cromwellian  era.  Among  the 
earliest,  to  brave  the  discomforts  of  traveling  in  the 
wilderness,  to  speak  of  the  love  of  Jesus,  for  sinful 
humanity,  was  Elizabeth  Harris,  the  wife  of  a  prosper 
ous  London  merchant.  After  her  return  to  England, 
a  convert  named  Robert  Clarkson  wrote  as  follows : 

"  Dear  Heart :  I  salute  thee  in  the  tender  love  of  the 
Father,  which  moved  thee,  towards  us,  and  do  own 


142  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

thee,  to  bavebeen  a  minister  by  the  good  will  of  God, 
to  bear  outward  testimony  to  tbe  inward  trutb  on  me 
and  others,  even  as  many  as  the  Lord  in  tender  love 
and  mercy,  did  give  an  ear  to  hear.  Praise  be  to  his 
name  forever,  of  which  and  of  life,  God  hath  made  my 
wife  partaker  with  me,  and  hath  established  our  hearts 
in  his  fear.  And  likewise,  Ann  Dorsey,  in  a  more 
large  measure;  her  husband  I  hope  abideth  faithful; 
likewise  John  Baldwin  and  Henry  Carliue.  Charles 
Balye,  the  young  man  who  was  with  us,  at  our  parting, 
abides  convinced, and  several  others,iu  these  parts,  where 
he  dwells.  Elizabeth  Beaseley  abides  as  she  was, 
when  thou  wast  here.  Thomas  Cole  and  William  Cole1 
have  made  open  confession  of  the  truth,  likewise 
Henry  Woolchurch,  and  many  others,  suffer  the 
reproachful  name.  William  Fuller  abides  unmoved.2 
I  know  not  but  that  William  Durand  doth  the  like, 
he  frequents  our  meeting  but  seldom.  *  *  *  *  *  We 
have  disposed  of  the  most  part  of  the  books  which  were 


1  William  Cole  became  a  Quaker  preacher  and  in  1662  was  impri 
soned  at  Jamestown  for  violating  the  statutes.  Besse,  vol.  2,  p.  138. 

a  William  Fuller  was  appointed  on  July  22,  1654,  by  the  Agents  of 
Parliament,  with  Richard  Preston,  William  Durand,  and  others,  Com 
missioners  for  the  government  of  Maryland.  When  Stone  and  his 
forces  appeared  on  Sunday,  March  25,  1655,  Fuller  at  the  head  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  men  marched  around  the  peninsula  in  the 
southern  suburb  of  Annapolis,  with  the  colors  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  England  flying.  A  skirmish  took  place  and  the  color-bearer  was 
killed.  This  led  to  a  short  and  sharp  engagement  in  which  the  Balti 
more  party  under  Stone  was  completely  routed,  threw  down  their 
arms,  and  begged  for  mercy. 

In  adopting  the  tenets  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  Fuller  relinquished 
military  exercises. 


QUAKER  PREACHERS.  143 

sent,  so  that  all  parts  are  furnished  and  every  one  that 
desires  it,  may  have  benefit  by  them,  at  Herring  Creek, 
Koade  River,  South  River,  all  about  Severn  the  Broad 
Neck  and  thereabout,  the  Seven  Mountains,  and  Kent. 
With  my  dear  love,  I  salute  thy  husband,  and  rest 
with  thee  and  the  gathered  ones,  in  the  eternal  word, 
which  abideth  for  ever." 

Thus  in  1657,  before  the  arrival  of  Cole  and  Thurs- 
ton,  to  which  allusion  has  been  made,  the  planting  of 
Quakerism  had  commenced,  and  Preston,  Berry  and 
the  more  sober-minded  citizens,  listened  gladly  to  the 
tenets  of  the  society. 

In  the  autumn  of  1663,  Alice  Ambrose1  and  Mary 
Tomkins,  were  at  the  Cliffs  of  the  Chesapeake,  in  Cal- 
vert  County,  having  retreated  from  New  England, 
where,  says  Bishop,  they  "  suffered  thirty-two  stripes 
apiece,  with  a  nine  corded  whip,  three  knots  in  each 
cord,  being  drawn  up  to  the  pillory,  in  such  an  uncivil 
manner,  as  is  not  to  be  rehearsed,  with  arnnning  knot 
about  their  hands,  the  very  first  lash  of  which,  drew 
the  blood,  and  made  it  run  down,  in  abundance,  from 
their  breasts.'' 

From  thence,  they  wrote  to  George  Fox,  in  England, 
telling  him  of  their  "  good  service  and  sufferings  for 
the  Lord." 

John  Burnyeat  of  Cumberland,  in  1665,  was  im 
pelled  to  leave  England,  and  visit  Maryland,  where  he 

1  Alice  Ambrose  afterwards  married  John  Gary,  supposed  to  have 
been  the  son  of  the  wife  of  Dr.  Peter  Sharpe,  who  was  a  widow  Gary. 


144  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

held  large  meetings  and  "  Friends  were  greatly  com 
forted,  and  several  were  convinced."  In  1671,  he 
made  a  second  visit,  accompanied  by  Daniel  Gould  of 
Rhode  Island.  One  day  in  1672,  as  he  was  about  to 
sail  for  England,  unexpectedly  to  all,  a  ship  from  Ja 
maica  appeared  in  the  Patuxent  river,  having  on 
board  George  Fox,  whose  name  is  so  prominently 
identified  with  the  religious  history  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  several  other  Quakers,  one  of  whom  was 
William  Edmundson,  a  native  of  Westmoreland,  and 
once  a  soldier  in  Cromwell's  army. 

Feeling  that  his  stay  must  be  brief,  the  feet  of  Fox 
had  scarcely  touehed  the  sands  of  the  Patuxent  before 
he  began  to  preach.  For  four  days  he  expounded  his 
doctrines,  with  singular  clearness,  and  with  a  voice 
remarkable  for  mellowness,  prayed  from  the  depths  of 
his  soul,  and  as  a  result,  five  or  six  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  many  "  world's  people,"  who  came  from 
curiosity,  went  away  from  the  meetings,  much  inter 
ested. 

Partly  by  land,  and  partly  by  water,  he  hastened 
to  the  Cliffs,  in  Calvert  County,  and  addressed  a  large 
assembly,  and  then,  crossing  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
crowds  gathered  to  listen,  and  a  judge's  wife  was  frank 
to  say  "  she  had  rather  hear  him  once,  than  the  priests 
a  thousand  times." 

Returning  to  the  western  shore,  he  spoke  at  the 
Severn,  where  the  numbers  were  so  great  that  no  build 
ing  was  large  enough  to  hold  the  congregation. 


GEORGE  Fox's  LABORS.  145 

The  next  day  he  was  at  Abraham  Birkhead's,  six  or 
seven  miles  distant,  and  there  the  Speaker  of  the  As 
sembly  was  convinced  ;  then  mounting  his  horse  he 
rode  to  Dr.  Peter  Sharpe's  at  the  Cliffs  of  Calvert. 
Here  was  a  "  heavenly  meeting,"  many  of  the  upper 
sort  of  people  present,  and  a  wife  of  one  of  the  Go 
vernor's  councillors  was  convinced. 

Some  Roman  Catholics  came  to  deride  bat  they  had 
no  heart  to  oppose.  From  thence  he  rode  eighteen 
miles  to  James  Preston's,  on  the  Patuxent,  where  an 
Indian  chief  and  some  of  his  tribe  came  to  see  the 
strange  man  who  was  lifting  up  his  voice,  like  John 
the  Baptist,  in  the  wilderness.  After  a  tour  to  Vir 
ginia  and  Carolina  he  came  back  to  Preston's  on  the 
twenty-seventh  of  the  eleventh  month,  1072,  and  soon 
began  to  travel  amid  snow  storms,  to  declare  the  truth 
in  Christ,  as  he  understood  it.  Taking  a  boat  at  the 
Cliffs,  for  the  Eastern  Shore,  he  was  obliged  to  pass  a 
night  without  fire.  In  Somerset  County,  he  held  a 
meeting  at  Anamessex,  and  then  proceeded  to  Hun 
ger's  Creek,  Little  Choptank,  Tredhaven,  Wye,  and 
to  John  Taylor's  on  Kent  Island. 

His  labors  had  been  incessant ;  neither  wintry  sleet 
nor  the  burning  sun  detained.  He  forded  streams, 
slept  in  the  woods,  and  in  barns,  with  as  much  serenity, 
as  in  the  comfortable  houses  of  his  friends,  and  was 
truly  a  wonder  unto  many. 

Before  he  returned  to  England,  he  rested  a  few  days 

at  the  Cliffs,  went  up  to  Annapolis,  attended  the  meet- 
19 


146  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

ing  of  the  Provincial  Assembly,  and  early  in  1673, 
sailed  for  his  native  land.1 

Edmundson  proceeded  to  ]N"orth  Carolina,  while  Fox 
visited  New  England.  In  1672  the  former,  upon  his 
return,  visited  the  valley  of  the  James  Biver,  called 
upon  Governor  Berkeley  and  met  with  Major  General 
Eichard  Bennett,  late  Commissioner  of  Parliament 
for  Maryland.  He  writes  in  his  Journal  : 

"  As  I  returned,  it  was  laid  upon  me  to  visit  the 
Governor  Sir  William  Barclay,  and  to  speak  with  him 
about  Friend's  sufferings.  I  went  about  six  miles  out 
of  my  way,  to  speak  with  him,  accompanied  by  William 
Garrett,  an  honest,  ancient  Friend.  I  told  the  Go 
vernor,  that  I  came  from  Ireland,  where  his  brother 
was  Lord  Lieutenant,  who  was  kind  to  our  Friends ; 
and  if  he  had  any  service  for  me  to  his  brother,  I  would 
willingly  do  it ;  and  as  his  brother  was  kind  to  our 
Friends  in  Ireland  I  hoped  he  would  be  so  to  our 
Friends  in  Virginia. 

"  He  was  very  peevish,  and  brittle,  and  I  could  fasten 
nothing  on  him,  with  all  the  soft  arguments  I  could 
use.  ****** 

"  The  next  day,  was  the  men's  meeting  at  William 
Wright's  house,  the  justice  [Taverner]  went  to  the 
meeting,  about  eight  or  nine  miles,  and  several  other 

1  After  Fox  arrived  in  England  lie  sent  a  copy  -of  the  Writings  of 
Edward  Burroughs  to  several  gentlemen,  among  others  to  Judge 
Stevens  and  Justices  Johnson  and  Coleman  of  Anamessex,  Maryland, 
and  to  Major  General  Bennett,  Lt.  Col.  Waters,  and  Col.  Thomas  Dew 
of  Nansemond  Co.,  Virginia.  Bowden,  vol.  1,  p.  381. 


MAJOR  GENERAL  BENNETT.  147 

persons  came  to  the  meeting,  particularly  Richard 
Bennett,  alias  Major  General  Bennett.  Justice  Tavern- 
er's  wife  came  to  me  and  told  me  that  the  Major  General 
and  others  were  below  staying  to  speak  with  me ;  so 
I  went  down  to  them.  They  were  courteous,  and  said, 
they  only  stayed  to  see  me,  and  acknowledge  what  I 
had  spoken  in  the  meeting,  was  truth.  I  told  them,  the 
reason  of  our  Friends  drawing  apart  from  them,  was 
to  lay  down  a  method,  to  provide  for  our  poor  widows, 
and  fatherless  children.  *********  -phe 
Major  General  replied,  he  was  glad  to  hear,  there  was 
such  care  and  order  among  us.  He  further  said,  he 
was  a  man  of  great  estate,  and  many  of  our  Friends 
poor  men  ;  therefore,  he  desired  to  contribute  with 
them.  He  likewise  asked  me,  how  I  was  treated  by 
the  Governor  ?  I  told  him,  that  he  was  brittle  and 
peevish,  and  I  could  get  nothing  fastened  on  him. 
He  asked  me  '  If  the  Governor  called  me  dog,  rogue,' 
etc  ?  I  said, '  No.'  *  Then  '  said  he  « you  took  him  in  his 
best  humor,  those  being  his  usual  terms,  when  he  is 
angry,  for  he  is  an  enemy  to  every  appearance  of  good.' 

"  They  were  tender  and  loving,  and  we  parted  so,  the 
Major  General  desiring  to  see  me  at  his  house,  which 
I  was  willing  to  do,  and  accordingly  went. 

"  He  was  a  solid,  wise  man,  receiving  the  truth,  and 
died  in  the  same,  leaving  two  Friends  executors." 

Dr.  Peter  Sharpe  of  the  Cliffs,  whose  name  is  per 
petuated  by  Sharpe's  Island,  in  the  Chesapeake,  in 
his  will,  made  in  1672,  says  :  "  I  give  to  Friends,  in  ye 


148  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

ministry,  viz :  Alice  Gary,  William  Cole,  and  Sarah 
Mash,  if  then  in  being ;  Winlock  Christeson  and  his 
wife,  John  Burnyeat,  and  Daniel  Gould,  in  money  or 
goods,  at  the  choice  of  my  executors,  forty  shillings 
worth  apiece ;  also  for  a  perpetual  standing,  a  horse 
for  the  use  of  Friends  in  ye  Ministry,  and  to  be  placed 
at  a  convenient  place  for  their  use." 

The  Wenlock  Christeson  of  the  will,  or  Christopher- 
son,  is  the  same  person,  who  when  sentenced  to  death 
at  Boston,  uttered  the  memorable  words  :  "  For  the  last 
man  that  was  put  to  death  here,  are  five  come  in  his 
room.  If  you  have  power,  take  my  life  from  me,  God 
can  raise  up  the  same  principle  in  ten  of  his  servants, 
and  send  them  among  you,  in  my  room." 

In  1674,  Christeson,  with  others,  ask  the  Provincial 
Assembly  for  permission  to  affirm,  instead  of  taking 
the  usual  oaths  prescribed  by  law. 

The  Rev.  John  Yeo  of  the  Church  of  England  ap 
pears  in  Maryland  in  1675,  and  was  disturbed  by  the 
movements  of  the  Quakers,  Mennonite  Baptists,  Roman 
Catholics  and  other  non-conformists.  From  the  Pa- 
tuxent,  on  the  25th  of  May,  1676,  he  wrote  the  following 
letter  of  lamentations  to  Sheldon,  Archbishop  of  Can 
terbury. 

"  Most  Reverend  Father  :  Be  pleased  to  pardon  this 
presumption  of  mine,  in  presenting  to  yor  serious 
notice  these  rude  and  undigested  lines,  woh  (with  hum 
ble  submission)  are  to  acquaint  yor  Grace,  with  ye 
deplorable  estate  and  condition  of  the  Province  of  Mary 
land,  for  want  of  an  established  ministry. 


REV.  JOHN  YEO.  149 

"  Here  are  in  this  Province  ten  or  twelve  thousand 
souls,  and  but  three  Protestant  ministers  of  us,  y*  are 
conformable  to  ye  doctrine  and  discipline  of  ye  Church 
of  England. 

"  Others  there  are  (I  must  confess)  yfc  runne  before 
they  are  sent,  and  pretend  they  are  ministers  of  the 
Gospell,  y*  never  had  a  legall  call  or  ordination  to 
such  an  holy  office ;  neither  indeed  are  they  qualified 
for  it,  being,  for  the  most  part,  such  as  never  under 
stood  anything  of  learning,  and  yet  take  upon  them  to 
be  dispensers  of  the  Word,  and  to  administer  ye  Sacra 
ment  of  Baptism  ;  and  sow  seeds  of  division  amongst 
ye  people,  and  no  law  provided  for  ye  suppression  of 
such  in  this  Province. 

"  Society  here  is  in  great  necessitie  of  able  and  learned 
men  to  comfort  the  gainsayers,  especially  having  soe 
many  profest  enemies  as  the  Popish  Priests  and  Jesuits 
are  who  are  incouraged  and  provided  for.  And  yc 
Quaker  takes  care  and  provides  for  those  y*  are  speakers 
in  their  conventicles;  but  noe  care  is  taken,  or  pro  vision 
made,  for  the  building  up  Christians  in  the  Protestant 
Religion  ;  by  means  whereof,  not  only  many  dayly 
fall  away,  either  to  Popery,  Quakerism,  or  Fanati- 
cisme,  but  also  the  Lord's  Day  is  prophaned,  religion 
despised,  and  all  notorious  vices  committed ;  so  that 
it  is  become  a  Sodom  of  uncleanriess,  and  a  pest  house 
of  iniquity. 

"  I  doubt  not,  but  yor  Grace  will  take  it  into  consider 
ation,  and  do  y°r  utmost  for  our  eternall  welfare ;  and 


150  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

now  is  y  time  y*  yor  Grace  may  be  an  instrument  of 
universal!  reformation,  with  greatest  facility.  Cecilins, 
Lord  Barron  Bal  tern  ore,  and  absolute  Proprietor  of 
Maryland  being  dead,  and  Charles  Lord  Barron  Balte- 
more  and  our  Governor  being  bound  for  England  this 
year,  as  I  am  informed,  to  receive  a  further  confirma 
tion  of  y  Province  from  His  Majestie,  at  wch  time,  I 
doubt  not,  but  yor  Grace  may  soe  provaile  with,  as  y* 
a  maintenance  for  a  Protestant  ministry  may  be  es 
tablished  as  well  in  this  Province,  as  in  Virginia,  Bar 
bados,  and  all  other  His  Majesties  plantations  in  West 
Indies  ;  and  then  there  will  be  encouragement  for  able 
men  to  come  amongst  us,  and  y*  some  person  may 
have  power  to  examine  all  such  ministers  as  shall  be 
admitted  into  any  county  or  parish,  in  w*  Diocis,  and 
by  w*  Bishop  they  were  ordained,  and  to  exhibit  their 
1'rs  of  Orders  to  testifie  the  same,  as  y*  I  think  the  gene- 
ralitie  of  the  people  may  be  brought  by  degrees  to  a 
uniformitie ;  provided  we  had  more  ministers  y*  were 
truly  conformable  to  our  mother  ye  Church,  and  none 
but  such  suffered  to  preach  amongst  us.  As  for  my 
own  p*,  God  is  my  witness,  I  have  done  my  utmost 
indeavor  in  order  thereunto,  and  shall  (by  God's  as 
sistance)  whiles  I  have  a  being  here,  give  manifest 
proof  of  my  faithful  obedience  to  the  Canons  and  Con 
stitution  of  our  sacred  mother. 

"Yet  one  thing  cannot  be  obtained  here,  viz,  Conse 
cration  of  Churches  and  Church-yards,  to  ye  end  y* 
Christians  might  be  decently  buried  together,  whereas 


FEW  ROMAN  CATHOLICS.  151 

now,  they  bury  in  the  several!  plantations  where  they 
lived :  unless  yor  Grace  thought  it  sufficient  to  give  a 
Dispensation  to  some  pious  ministers  together  with  ye 
manner  and  forme,  to  doe  the  same.  And  confident 
I  am  y*  you  will  not  be  wanting  in  any  thing  y*  may 
tend  most  to  God's  glorie,  and  the  good  of  the  Church, 
by  wch  you  will  engage  thousands  of  soules  to  pray  for 
ycr  Grace's  everlasting  happiness." 

The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  referred  Yeo's  let 
ter  to  Compton,  Bishop  of  London,  who  on  the  17th 
of  July,  1677,  wrote  :  "  In  Maryland,  there  is  no  settled 
maintenance  for  the  ministry  at  all,  the  want  whereof 
does  occasion  a  total  want  of  ministers  and  divine 
worship,  except  among  those  of  the  Romish  belief, 
who  'tis  conjectured  do  not  amount  to  one  of  a  hun 
dred  of  the  people." 

Lord  Baltimore  to  the  application  of  the  Bishop 
replied,  that  the  Act  of  1649,  confirmed  in  1676,  tole 
rated  and  protected  every  sect,  and  continued  "  Four 
ministers  of  the  Church  of  England  are  in  possession 
of  plantations  which  offered  them  a  decent  subsist 
ence.1  That,  from  the  various  religious  tenets  of  the 

1  The  Rev.  Wm.  Wilkinson  died  in  1663,  and  Francis  Doughty 
was  probably  dead.  The  four  ministers  referred  to  were  perhaps  Yeo ; 
Coode  a  political  agitator  ;  the  minister  sent  out  by  Charles  the  Second 
referred  to  in  letter  of  Mary  Taney,  see  page  160 ;  and  Matthew  Hill. 
The  last  was  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  educated  at  Magdalene  College 
and  Rector  at  Thirsk,  but  ejected  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity.  He  came 
about  1669  to  Charles  County,  Maryland.  His  father-in-law  Walter 
Bayne  had  entered  a  tract  of  5000  acres  called  Barbadoes,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  main  fresh  run  of  Port  Tobacco  creek.  Calamy  says,  after 
he  was  settled  and  had  bright  hopes  "  new  troubles  arose.  He  was  a 
good  scholar,  a  lively  preacher,  and  of  a  free  and  generous  spirit." 


152  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

members  of  the  Assembly,  it  would  be  extremely  diffi 
cult,  if  not  impossible,  to  induce  it  to  consent  to  a  law, 
that  shall  oblige  any  sect  to  maintain  other  ministers, 
than  its  own." 

Yeo  does  not  appear  to  have  been  remarkable  for 
learning,  or  Christian  charity.1     In  December,  1677, 


1  The  following  letter  is  preserved  among  the  New  York  MS.  Re 
cords  at  Albany,  addressed  "  To  Mr.  Henry  Smith  at  Capt.  Greges  his 
house,  present  These  at  N.  Yorke." 

Whorekill,  November  the  14th,  1678. 
Worthy  Sir, 

Yours  of  the  5th  1  Rec'd  the  7th  Instant  in  wch  you  desired  me 
to  minde  Capt.  Avery,  to  swear  the  Evidences,  that  these  depositions 
might  be  sent  to  you  ;  in  order  to  your  desire.  I  did  the  same  day  write 
a  warrant,  and  Carried  it  myselfe  to  Avery,  and  he  signed  it  and  Im- 
ediately  I  ride  wtb  it  to  the  Sherieffe  who  wth  all  expedition  served 
it  upon  most  of  the  evidences,  but  the  day  before  they  were  to  appeare 
to  give  in  there  Testimony,  the  s'd  Avery  came  to  your  house,  and  did 
abuse  me  at  a  very  high  Rate  &  Thretm'ng  to  send  me  to  Yorke  to 
answer  w*  I  had  done,  viz.,  written  a  warrant  wch  did,  as  he  said, 
properly  belong  to  the  clerke's  office  for  bringing  it  to  him  to  sigrie 
when  he  was  as  he  pretended  Drunke  (to  his  Creditt  be  it  spoken)  at, 
wch  time,  he  absolutely  refused  to  examine  any  evidence,  unless  it 
were  by  express  order  of  the  Governor,  notwithstanding  the  warrant 
was  for  them,  to  give  in  there  Evidence,  in  the  behalfe  of  our  Sov- 
raigne  Lord,  the  king  and  Avery  did  then  take  away  the  warrant  and 
Toare  his  name  out  it,  neither  would  he  Returne  it  any  more  to  the 
sherife,  but  I  wth  much  Intreaty  and  some  thretning  gott  a  Coppy  of 
it  Attested,  a  Coppy  of  wch  I  have  sent  you. 

Avery  is  very  greate  with  Helms  &  there  gange :  there  is  never  a 
Barrell  the  better  Herring  amongst  severall  of  them,  they  are  very 
Briske  againe  now,  since  the  sloop  brought  noe  order  for  there  coming 
to  Yorke  ;  and  now  Helms  saith,  that  all  ye  men  in  the  Countrey  shall 
never  gett  him  to  Yorke.  Avery  sideing  with  them,  you  are  daily 
abused,  and  I  am  counted  amongst  them,  the  worst  of  men.  Helms 
cannot  leave  his  Tricks  yet,  for  when  Mr  Clark's  Goods  came  down, 
out  of  -J-  doz.  Reapehooks  he  Borrowed  six,  for  he  left  not  one ;  he 
kept  them  severall  dayes,  till  at  last  old  Tom  told  Clarke's  serv'ts  that 
his  Mr  had  them,  and  went  and  fetched  ye  hooks  to  them. 


YEO'S  CERTIFICATE.  153 

he  moved  from  the  Patuxent  to  Whorekill,  what  is 
now  called  Lewes,  in  Delaware,  and  there  became  in 
volved  in  local  disputes.  The  following  certificate 
dated  March  28,  1678,  was  given  by  the  Court,  on  the 
Delaware. 

"John  Yeo,  minister,  being  lately  arrived  out  of 
Maryland,  appeared  in  Court,  and  exhibited  and  pro 
duced  his  letters  of  ordination  and  license  to  read 
divine  service,  administer  the  holy  sacraments,  and 
preach  the  word  of  God  according  to  the  laws  and  con 
stitution  of  the  Church  of  England. 

"  The  Court  accepts  said  John  Yeo,  upon  the  appro 
bation  of  his  honor  the  Governor,  to  be  maintained 
by  the  free  willing  gifts,  whereunto,  the  said  John 
Yeo  declared  himself  contented." 

In  1680  he  was  arraigned  for  mutinous  expressions 
against  the  Duke  of  York,  the  town  and  the  Court, 
but  was  acquitted.  After  this  he  appears  to  have  re 
turned  to  Calvert  County,  Maryland,  and  from  thence, 


He  liatli  also  lately  bought  hoggs  ********  *  he  did  one 
the  14th  of  the  last  month  declare  before  some  people  y*  ye  king  did 
allow  dutch  waights  and  measures  to  pass  in  this  countrey,  but  the 
Governor  did  cheate  the  countrey  of  it,  wch  of  ye  Scurrolous  speeches 
ye  26th  of  8 bris .  The  day  after  our  arrivall  at  ye  Whorekill  sold 
Corn8  the  Clark's  place  for  one  quart  of  wine,  at  Mr  Vines  his  house 
&  one  the  Tuesday  after  he  acted  as  clarke  at  ye  Court.  I  heartily 
long  to  see  you  home  and  then  I  doubt  not  but  all  will  be  well.  Mrs 
Smith  presents  her  Affections  to  you,  she  is  mightily  troubled  at  your 
absence.  I  have  seen  very  few  women  Grieve  more  for  the  death  of  A 
husband,  than  she  grieves  for  your  Long  absence,  Espetially  in  that 
you  came  not  with  the  sloops.  Thus  not  doubting,  but  that  you  will 
in  a  short  time  —  —  all  your  Enimies  and  Returne  victorious,  I 
am,  Sir,  Your  Ready  friend  and  Serv't,  JOHN  YEO." 

20 


154  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

in  1682,  went  to  Baltimore  County  where,  about  the 
year  1686,  he  died. 

Another  form  of  Christian  faith  was  planted  in 
Maryland,  in  1680,  and  the  Province  became  the  rival 
of  Holland,  in  varieties  of  religious  belief,  and  to  it 
were  applicable  the  lines  of  Andrew  Marvell,  written 
concerning  Amsterdam. 

"  Sure,  when  Religion,  did  itself  embark 

And  from  the  East,  would  Westward  steer  its  bark, 

It  struck;  and  splitting  on  this  unknown  ground, 

Each  one  thence  pillaged  the  first  piece  he  found ; 

Hence,  Amsterdam,  Turk,  Christian,  Pagan,  Jew, 

Staple  of  sects,  and  mint  of  schism  grew ; 

That  bank  of  conscience,  where  not  one,  so  strange 

Opinion,  but  finds  credit  and  exchange, 

In  vain  for  Catholics,  ourselves  we  bear, 

The  Universal  Church  is  only  there." 

The  visionary  but  pure-minded  priest  Labadie,  after 
he  withdrew  from  the  Church  of  Rome,  urged  some 
peculiar  views,  which  were  not  acceptable  to  the  He- 
formed  Churches,  and  after  much  persecution,  he  and 
his  adherents  were  sheltered  in  Friesland,  a  province 
of  the  Netherlands. 

In  1679  Danker  and  Sluyter  were  sent  by  the  La- 
badists  to  select  a  site  for  a  colony  in  North  Ame 
rica.  Arriving  at  Manhattan,  now  New  York  City, 
on  October  the  twentieth,  they  became  acquainted  with 
Ephraim  Herrman,  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Newcastle 
and  Upland  on  the  Delaware  River,  and  son  of  Au 
gustine  Herrman,  the  proprietor  of  Bohemia  Manor, 
in  Maryland. 


LABADISTS  ARRIVE.  155 

With  him,  these  delegates  descended  the  Delaware, 
passed  Tacony,  a  Swedish  settlement,  now  a  suburb 
of  Philadelphia,  and  rested  on  Tinicum  Island,  a  few 
miles  below  that  city. 

While  the  Labadists  were  neat  in  dress,  frugal  in 
living,  and  like  the  Quakers  depended  much  upon 
the  inspiration  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  yet  there  was  no 
affinity  between  these  religionists.  Danker,  in  his 
journal,  says,  that  while  he  was  at  a  Swede's  house, 
on  the  Island,  "there  arrived  three  Quakers, of  whom 
one  was  the  great  prophetess,  who  travels  through 
the  whole  country,  in  order  to  quake.  She  lives  in 
Maryland,  and  forsakes  husband  and  children,  planta 
tion,  and  all,  and  goes  off  for  this  purpose.  She  had 
been  to  Boston,1  and  was  there  arrested  by  the  au 
thorities,  in  account  of  her  quaking." 

On  the  1st  of  December,  the  Labadists  arrived  at 
the  plantation  of  Caspar,  another  son  of  Herrman, 
situated  between  the  Delaware  River  and  Chesapeake 
Bay.  From  thence  they  went  to  Augustine  Herr- 
man's,  "  the  uppermost  plantation  of  Maryland,  that 
is  as  high  up  as  it  is  yet  inhabited  by  Christians."2 

Danker,  on  Sunday,  the  30th  of  December,  1679, 
writes  in  his  journal  : 

"  Augustine  is  a  Bohemian  and  formerly  lived  in 
the  Manathans,  and  had  possession  of  farms  and  plan ta- 

1  Perhaps  Alice  Gary,  see  page  143. 

2  Augustine  Herrman  a  native  of  Prague  came  to  Manhattan  about 
1649  as  clerk  or  factor  to  the  brothers  Gabri.     In  1650  he  was  one  of 
the  selectmen  of  Manhattan. 


156  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

tions,  but  for  some  reason,  I  know  not  what,  disagree 
ing  with  the  Dutch  Governor  Stuyvesant,  he  repaired 
to  this  place,  which  is  laid  down  upon  a  complete 
map  which  he  has  made  of  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
where  he  is  very  well  acquainted,  which  map  he  has 
dedicated  to  the  King.1 

"In  consequence  of  his  having  done  the  people  a 
great  service,  he  has  been  presented  with  a  tract  of 
laud  of  ten  hundred  or  twelve  hundred  acres,  which 
he  knowing  where  the  best  land  is,  has  chosen  up 
here,  and  given  it  the  name  Bohemia." 

He  adds  :  "  He  was  very  miserable  both  in  body 
and  soul.  His  plantation  was  going  much  into  decay, 
as  well  as  his  body,  for  want  of  attention.  There  was 
not  a  Christian  man  to  serve  him,  as  the  term  is,  but 
only  negroes."2 

On  another  page,  speaking  of  the  children,  he 
writes  :  "  They  are  all  of  a  Dutch  mother,  after  whose 
death,  the  father  married  an  English  woman,  the  most 
willful  and  despicable  creature  that  can  be  found.  He 


1  The  Map  alluded  to  is  called  "  Virginia  and  Maryland  as  it  is 
planted  aud  inhabited  this  present  year  1670  ;  surveyed  and  exactly 
drawne  by  the  only  labours  and  endeavours  of  Augustine  Herrman, 
Bohemiensis." 

It  was  the  only  map  engraved  by  Faithorne  who  was  distinguished 
for  crayon  portraits,  and  delicate  copper  plate  engraving.  The  only 
one  I  have  ever  seen,  is  in  the  British  Museum.  It  is  in  four  folio 
sheets,  and  at  the  bottom,  has  a  portrait  of  Herrman.  Lately  the  state 
of  Virginia  has  had  a  reduced  copy,  printed  by  the  litho-photographic 
process. 

3  Negroes  were  considered  infidels,  and  not  allowed  to  be  baptized, 
as  baptism  was  supposed  to  give  freedom  to  slaves.  The  Assembly  of 
1715  enacted  the  following  : 


THE  HERRMAN  FAMILY.  157 

is  a  very  godless  person,  and  the  wife  by  her  wicked 
ness  has  compelled  all  the  children  to  leave  the  father's 
house  and  live  elsewhere." 

Several  of  the  children  embraced  the  tenets  of  Laba- 
die.1  After  Danker  returned  to  Manhattan,  he  wrote 
that  Ephraim  Herrman  was  on  a  visit,  and  with  his 
wife  rejoicing  in  their  faith.  Under  date  of  the  4th  of 
June  he  writes:  "Visited  byEphrairn  and  one  Peter 
Beyaert,  a  deacon  of  the  Dutch  Church,  a  very  good 
soul,  whom  the  Lord  had  begun  to  trouble  and  en 
lighten." 

Danker  and  Sluyter  returned  to  Friesland  and  a 
colony  was  organized  to  proceed  to  Maryland.  The 


"  Forasmuch  as  many  people  have  neglected  to  baptize  their  negroes, 
or  to  suffer  them  to  be  baptized,  on  a  vague  apprehension,  that  negroes 
by  receiving  sacrament  of  baptism  are  manumitted  or  set  free. 

"  Be  it,  hereby,  further  declared,  and  enacted,  that  no  negro  or  negroes* 
by  receiving  the  holy  sacrament  of  baptism,  is  thereby  manumitted  or 
set  free,  nor  hath  any  right  or  title  to  manumission,  more  than  he  or 
they  had  before,  any  law,  usage,  or  custom  to  the  contrary  notwith 
standing." 

1  He  was  married  on  Dec.  10,  1650,  to  a  Dutch  woman  at  Manhattan, 
and  she  had  the  following  children 

Ephraim  George  baptized  Sept.  1,  1652. 
Caspar  "        July  2,  1656. 

Anna  Magaritta         "        March  2,  1658. 
Judith  "        May  7,  1660. 

Francina  "        March  12,  1662. 

By  an  Act  of  the  Maryland  Assembly  in  1666,  these  were  all  natu 
ralized. 

Anna  Margaritta  married  Matthias  Vanderhuyden,  and  her  daughter 
Anna  Francina,  became  the  second  wife  of  Edward  Shippen  a  wealthy 
Quaker  of  Philadelphia,  who  in  1675,  had  been  whipped  on  Boston 
Common,  for  speaking  against  the  established  religion.  A  descendant 
of  this  Edward  Shippen  was  the  wife  of  Benedict  Arnold,  the  traitor 
to  the  American  cause  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 


158  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

company  arrived  in  New  York  on  the  27th  of  July, 
1683.  Deacon  Peter  Bayard  the  hatter  and  nephew 
of  Governor  Stuyvesant,  leaving  his  family,  united 
with  them. 

On  the  llth  of  August,  1684,  Augustus  Herrman 
makes  a  deed,  conveying  certain  lands  to  Peter  Sluyter, 
Joseph  Dankaerts,  Petrus  Bayard  of  New  York,  John 
Moll  and  Arnold  de  la  Grange  of  Delaware. 

The  Labadist  colony,  like  all  communist  organiza 
tions,  had  a  brief  existence.  Bownas,  as  a  Quaker 
preacher,  describes  a  visit  to  it,  in  1702: 

"  When  supper  came  in,  it  was  placed  upon  a  long 
table,  in  a  large  room,  where,  when  all  things  were 
ready,  about  twenty  men  or  upwards  came  in,  at  a 
call,  but  no  women. 

"  We  all  sat  down,  they  placing  me  and  my  companion 
near  the  head  of  the  table,  and  having  paused  a  short 
space,  one  pulled  off  his  hat,  but  not  the  rest  till  a 
short  space  after;  and  then  one  after  another  they  all 
pulled  their  hats  off,  and  as  that  occurred  sat  silent, 
uttered  no  words  that  we  could  hear,  for  half  or  quarter 
of  an  hour ;  and  as  they  did  riot  uncover  at  once,  so 
did  not  they  cover  again,  at  once,  but,  as  they  put  on 
their  hats,  fell  to  eating,  not  regarding  those  who  were 
still  uncovered,  so  that  it  might  be  two  minutes'  time, 
or  more,  between  the  first  and  last  putting  off  their 
hats. 

"  I,  afterward,  queried  with  my  companion  concerning 
the  reason  of  their  conduct,  and  he  gave,  for  this  an- 


LABADIST  SETTLEMENT.  159 

swer,  that  they  held  it  unlawful  to  pray,  till  they  felt 
some  inward  motive  for  the'purpose,  and  that  secret 
prayer  was  more  acceptable  than  to  utter  words. 

"I,  likewise,  queried,  <  If  they  had  no  women  among 
them  ?'  He  told  me  they  had,  but  the  women  all  by 
themselves ;  having  all  things  in  common,  respect 
ing  their  household  affairs,  so  that  none  could  claim 
any  more  right  than  another  to  any  part  of  the  stock. 
All  men,  whether  rich  or  poor,  must  put  what  they  had 
in  the  common  stock,  and  likewise,  if  they  had  a  mind 
to  leave,  they  must  go  out  empty  handed.' 

"  They  frequently  expound  the  Scriptures  among 
themselves  ;  and  being  a  very  large  family,  in  all  up 
ward  of  one  hundred  men,  women,  and  children,  they 
carried  on  the  manufacturing  of  linen,  and  had  a  very 
large  plantation  of  corn,  tobacco,  flax  and  hemp,  to 
gether  with  cattle  of  several  kinds." 

In  1681,  a  sum  of  money  was  paid  out  of  the  secret 
service  fund  of  the  king  for  the  payment  of  the  passage 
of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Sanders,  to  Maryland  j1  and  in 
1683  the  Rev.  Duel  Pead2  and  William  Mullett  were 
designated  for  labor  in  the  Province. 


1  There  is  among  the  British  Public  Records  a  recommendation  of 
the  Rev.  Ambrose  Sanderson  by  the  Privy  Council  dated  Oct.  8th,  1681, 
as  a  suitable  minister  for  Protestant  subjects,  addressed  to  the  Proprie 
tary  of  Maryland,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  came  to  America 
nor  do  we  find  any  mention  of  Jonathan  Saunders. 

2  In  Westminster  Abbey  on  April  18,  1663,  Paul  Thorndyke,  son  of 
John  Thorndyke  of  New  England,  aged  twenty,  ancestor  of  the  Ameri 
can  family  ;  and,  Duell  Pead,  one  of  the  King's  scholars  about  sixteen 
years  of  age,  was  baptized  by  the  Dean,  publicly,  in  the  font,  then 


160  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

In  1685,  according  to  a  letter  of  Mary  Taney,  wife 
of  the  sheriff  of  Calvert  County,  the  ancestor  of  the 
late  distinguished  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  there  was  no  Church  of  England  minister 
then  residing  in  her  vicinity.  Under  date  of  the  14th 
of  July  she  wrote  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

"  May  it  please  your  Grace  ;  I  am  now  to  repeat  my 
request  to  your  Grace,  for  a  church  in  the  place  of 
Maryland  where  Hive  ;  but  first  I  humbly  thank  your 
Grace,  that  you  were  pleased  to  hear  so  favorably, 
and  own  my  desires  very  reasonable,  and  to  encourage 
the  inhabitants  to  make  a  petition  to  the  King. 

Our  want  of  a  minister,  and  the  many  blessings  our 
Saviour  designed  us  by  them,  is  a  misery,  which  I  and 
a  numerous  family,  and  many  others  in  Maryland, 
have  groaned  under.  We  are  seized  with  extreme 
horror  when  we  think,  that  for  want  of  the  Gospel 
our  children  and  posterity  are  in  danger  to  be  con 
demned  to  infidelity  or  to  apostacy.  We  do  not  ques 
tion  God's  care  of  us,  but  think  your  Grace,  and  the 
Right  Reverend,  your  Bishops,  the  proper  instruments 

newly  set  up."  In  1664  he  was  a  member  of  Trinity  College,  Cam 
bridge,  and  in  1671  was  Chaplain  on  board  H.  M.  ship  Rupert, 
Among  the  entries  in  the  Camden  Society's  volume  entitled  "  Secret 
Services  of  Chas.  II  and  James  II  "  under  date  of  14  June,  1683,  is  the 
payment  of  £20  to  Duell  Pead,  Clerk,  bounty  to  him  for  the  charge  of 
his  transportation  to  Maryland."  If  he  ever  came  to  America,  he  did 
not  long  remain,  for  in  1691  he  was  licensed  as  Curate  or  Minister  of 
St.  James,  Clerkenwell.  See  Chester's  Westminster  Abley  Registers. 
He  had  a  son  Deuel,  .who  in  1712,  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from 
Cambridge  University,  and  was  probably  the  clergyman  who  was 
settled  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  also  preached  in  Virginia. 


MARY  TANEY'S  PLEA.  161 

of  so  great  a  blessing  to  us.  We  are  not,  I  hope,  so 
foreign  to  your  jurisdiction,  but  we  may  be  owned 
your  stray  flock  ;  however,  the  commission  to  go,  and 
baptize,  and  teach  all  nations,  is  large  enough.  But 
I  am  sure  we  are,  by  a  late  custom  upon  tobacco, 
sufficiently  acknowledged  subjects  of  the  King  of 
England,  and  therefore  by  his  protection,  not  only  our 
persons  and  estates,  but  of  what  is  more  dear  to  us, 
our  religion.  I  question  not  but  that  your  Grace  is 
sensible,  that  without  a  temple  it  will  be  impracticable, 
neither  can  we  expect  a  minister  to  hold  out,  to  ride 
ten  miles  in  a  morning,  and  before  he  can  dine,  ten 
more,  and  from  house  to  house,  in  hot  weather,  will 
dishearten  a  minister,  if  not  kill  him. 

Your  Grace  is  so  sensible  of  our  sad  condition,  and 
for  your  place  and  piety's  sake,  have  so  great  an  in 
fluence  on  our  most  religious  and  gracious  King,  that 
it  1  had  not  your  Grace's  promise  to  depend  upon,  I 
could  not  question  your  Grace's  intercession  and  pre 
vailing.  £500  or  £600  for  a  church,  with  some  small 
encouragement  for  a  minister,  will  be  extremely  less 
charge,  than  honor,  to  his  Majesty. 

One  church  settled  according  to  the  Church  of  Eng 
land,  which  is  the  sum  of  our  request,  will  prove  a 
nursery  of  religion  and  loyalty  through  the  whole  Pro 
vince.  But  your  Grace  needs  no  arguments  from  me, 
but  only  this,  it  is  in  your  power  to  give  us  many  happy 
opportunities  to  praise  God  for  this  and  innumerable 

mercies,  and  to  importune  His  goodness,  to  bless  his 
21 


162  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Majesty,  with  a  long  and  prosperous  reign  over  us, 
arid  long  continue  to  your  Grace,  the  great  blessing  of 
being  an  instrument  of  good  to  his  Church.  And  now 
that  I  may  be  no  more  troublesome,  I  humbly  entreat 
your  pardon  to  the  well  meant  zeal  of 

Your  Grace's  most  obedient  servant, 

MARY  TANEY. 

Accompanying  this  letter  was  the  following  Petition  : 

"To  the  Most  Eeverend  the  Archbishops,  and  the 
rest  of  the  Right  Reverend  the  Bishops,  the  humble 
petition  of  Mary  Taney,  on  the  behalf  of  herself  and 
others  his  Majesty's  subjects  inhabitants  of  the  Province 
of  Maryland. 

"  Sheweth,  That  your  petitioner  in  her  petition  to  the 
King's  Majesty,  setting  forth  That  the  said  Province, 
being  without  a  church  or  any  settled  ministry,  to  the 
great  grief  of  all  his  Majesty's  loyal  subjects  there,  his 
late  Majesty,  King  Charles  the  Second  of  blessed 
memory,  was  graciously  pleased  to  send  over  thither, 
a  minister,  and  a  parcel  of  Bibles,  and  other  church 
books  of  considerable  value,  in  order  to  the  settlement 
of  a  church  and  ministry  there. 

"  That  the  said  minister  dying,  and  the  inhabitants 
who  have  no  other  trade  but  in  tobacco,  being  so  very 
poor  that  they  are  not  able  to  maintain  a  minister, 
chiefly  by  reason  of  his  Majesty's  customs,  here  upon 
tobacco,  which  causes  the  inhabitants  to  sell  it  there, 
to  the  merchants,  at  their  own  rates.  By  means 
whereof  so  good  a  work  as  was  intended  by  his  said 


REV.  PAUL  BERTRAND.  163 

late  Majesty  is  like  to  miscarry,  to  the  utter  ruin  of 
many  poor  souls,  unless  supplied  by  his  Majesty. 

"  Praying  his  Majesty,  that  a  certain  parcel  of  tobacco, 
of  one  hundred  hogsheads  or  thereabouts,  of  the  growth 
or  product  of  the  said  Province,  may  be  custom  free, 
for  and  towards  the  maintenance  of  an  orthodox  divine, 
at  Culvert  Town,  in  the  said  Province,  or  otherwise 
allow  maintenance  for  a  minister  there. 

"Your  petitioner,  therefore,  most  humbly  prays,  that 
your  Lordships  will  be  pleased,  not  only  to  mediute 
with  his  Majesty  and  in  your  petitioner's  behalf  request 
him  to  grant  her  desire  in  such  petition,  but  likewise, 
that  your  Lordships  will  vouchsafe  to  contribute  to 
wards  the  building  of  a  church  at  Colvert  Town,  as 
your  Lordships  in  charity  and  goodness  shall  think 
meet." 

A  little  while  after  this  petition  was  received,  on 
the  29th  of  September,  1685,  a  sum  of  money  was 
given  from  the  secret  service  fund  of  the  King,  to 
defray  the  passage  of  the  Rev.  Paul  Bertrand  to  Mary 
land. 

There  is  preserved  the  report  of  this  clergyman 
dated  the  12th  of  September,  1689,  written  in  French, 
addressed  to  the  Bishop  of  London,  which  describes 
the  condition  of  religion  in  the  province  at  that  time.1 

Year  after  year  the  members  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  increased,  and  were  respected.  In  a  reply  to 


1  See   Stevens's  Catalogue  of    Manuscripts  presented   by   George 
Peabody  to  Maryland  Historical  Society. 


164  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

a  petition,  that  Quakers  might  be  allowed  to  affirm,  in 
the  place  of  taking  the  usual  oath,  the  Upper  House 
of  the  Assembly  on  the  6th  of  September,  1681,  took 
the  following  action : 

"  Upon  reading  the  paper,  delivered  yesterday,  by 
William  Berry  and  Richard  Johns,1  this  House  do  say ; 
That  if  the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  free  born  English 
man,  settled  on  him  by  Magna  Oharta,  so  often  con 
firmed  by  subsequent  parliaments,  can  be  preserved  by 
yea,  and  nay,  in  wills  and  testaments,  and  other  occur- 
rents,  the  Lower  House  may  do  well  to  prepare  such  a 
law,  and  that  the  Upper  House  will  consider  of  it." 

Subsequently,  the  Quakers  presented  an  able  and 
logical  argument  for  a  change  in  the  law  concerning 
oaths.  It  opened  with  the  following  dignified  and 
eloquent  preamble :  "  We  are  Englishmen  ourselves, 
and  free  born,  although  in  scorn  commonly  called 
Quakers,  and  therefore,  so  far  from  desiring  the  least 
breach  of  Magna  Charta  or  of  the  least  privilege  be 
longing  to  a  free-born  Englishman,  that  we  had  rather 
suffer  many  degrees  more  than  we  do,  if  it  was  possible, 
than  willingly  admit  of  the  least  violation  of  those 
ancient  rights  and  liberties,  which  are  indeed  our 
birth-right  and  so  often  confirmed  to  us,  by  subsequent 
Parliaments.  And  had  we  not  been  full  well  assured 
that  our  sufferings  may  be  redressed,  and  our  request 
granted,  without  the  violating  of  Magna  Charta  in  the 
least  degree,  we  would  not  have  desired  it." 

1  Richard  Johns  was  a  distant  relative  ot  the  founder  of  Johns 
Hopkins  University  at  Baltimore. 


WILLIAM  PENN'S  ARRIVAL.  165 

The  argument  bad  a  good  effect,  and  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Assembly  voted  for  a  modification  of  the 
statute,  but  Lord  Baltimore  did  not  give  his  approval. 

The  period  was  arriving  when  the  cause  of  the 
Quakers  was  to  receive  a  powerful  impulse.  As 
William  Perm,  the  son  of  a  British  Admiral,  in  early 
life  a  student  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  heard  of  the 
oppression  of  his  fellow  religionists,  under  the  statutes 
of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  he  conceived  the  project  of 
"a  free  colony  for  all  mankind,"  wherein  entire  liberty 
of  conscience  should  be  allowed. 

From  the  hour  that  Penn  made  his  treaty  under  the 
shade  of  the  elm  trees  on  the  Delaware,  Quakerism  was 
more  respected. 

The  men  that  began  to  build  on  the  rectangular 
streets  of  the  newly  surveyed  city  of  Philadelphia, 
were  industrious,  and  glad  to  welcome  as  sharers  in 
the  municipal  government,  the  Jew  or  the  Turk,  the 
Calvinist  or  Roman  Catholic. 

Not  long  after  he  sailed  up  the  Delaware  he  pro 
ceeded  to  visit  the  societies  of  Friends  on  the  tri 
butaries  of  the  Chesapeake.  Subsequently  he  made  a 
second  visit  and  conducted  Lord  and  Lady  Baltimore1 
to  a  religious  meeting  at  Tred  Haven.  Richardson, 
who  was  one  of  the  preachers,  describes  Lady  Balti 
more,  as  "  a  notable,  wise,  natural,  and  courteously 
carriaged  woman." 


1  Lady  Baltimore  had  been  the  widow  of  Henry  Sewall  of  Patuxent, 
one  of  the  councillors  of  the  Province. 


166  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

After  Perm's  return  to  England,  Quakerism  was 
strengthened  in  America,  by  the  arrival  of  Thomas 
Story,  another  man  of  cultivated  intellect.  He  had 
received  in  England  a  complete  education,  and  was 
not  only  a  proficient  in  Greek  and  mathematics,  but 
also  skilled  in  the  arts  of  music  and  fencing.  His  asso 
ciations  in  youth  were  with  an  excessive  ritualism. 
The  church  he  attended  conformed  to  the  "  new  fan- 
gleism  "  that  crept  back  again  to  the  Church  of  England 
in  the  days  of  Archbishop  Laud.  For  a  time  he  was 
very  zealous  in  the  observance  of  rubrics,  but  in  time 
they  became  a  burden,  and  at  length  he  bounded  over 
to  that  Society  of  Friends,  which  well  nigh  forgot  that 
man  was  a  compound  of  flesh  and  spirit,  and  demanded 
a  few  expressive  rites. 

Having  studied  law,  Story  came  to  Pennsylvania, 
was  made  Master  of  the  Rolls  and  Keeper  of  the  Great 
Seal,  and  subsequently  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Phila 
delphia.1 

On  the  27th  of  the  3d  mouth,  1699  0.  S.,  he  attended 
the  yearly  meeting  of  the  Quakers  at  West  River, 
County,  Maryland,  in  company  with  a  distinguished 
physician  of  Philadelphia,  whom  Penn  called,  "  tender 
Griffith  Owen."  On  the  13th  of  the  next  month  Story 
says  in  his  journal,  "  came  one  Henry  Plall,  a  priest 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  with  others  of  his  motion 
eaves-dropped  the  meeting,  but  came  not  in."  Richard 


1  Story,  in  1706,  married  a  daughter  of  Edward  Sbippen  of  Phila 
delphia. 


STORY,  QUAKER  PREACHER.  167 

Johns,  a  prominent  member  of  the  meeting,  then  arose, 
and  made  the  following  confession  of  faith. 

"  We  believe  that  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  was 
born  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  being  conceived  by  the  pro 
mise  and  influence  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  is  the  true  Mes 
siah  or  Saviour ;  that  he  died  upon  the  cross  at 
Jerusalem,  a  propitiation  and  sacrifice  for  the  sins  of 
all  mankind;  that  he  rose  from  the  dead  on  the  third 
day,  ascended,  and  seated  on  the  right  hand  of  the 
Majesty  on  high,  making  intercession  for  us  ;  and  in 
the  fulness  of  time  shall  come  to  judge  both  the  living 
and  the  dead,  and  reward  all  according  to  their  work.  " 

The  next  day  the  clergyman  and  his  friends  again 
lurked  near  the  meeting,  and  Story  says: 

"  My  companion  in  his  testimony  apprehending  they 
were  within  hearing,  cried  aloud  to  them  to  come  forth 
out  of  their  holes,  and  appear  openly  like  men,  and  if 
they  had  anything  to  say,  after  meeting  was  over,  they 
should  be  heard." 

Story  next  challenged  them  to  prove  their  call  to 
the  ministry,"  which  they,  taking  upon  them  to  do,  only 
told  us  that  Christ  called  the  apostles,  and  they  ordained 
others,  and  they  again  others  in  succession  to  that  time." 

Then  Story  demanded  proof  "  who  they  were  that 
the  apostles  ordained,  and  who  from  age  to  age  suc 
cessors  ordained,  wherein  if  they  justly  failed  they 
were  to  be  rejected  as  no  ministers  of  Christ,  since  they 
had  rested  the  matter  on  such  a  succession."  "  Many 
people,"  continues  the  journal,"  called  out  to  the  clergy- 


168  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

man.  <  We  will  pay  you  the  tobacco,  being  obliged 
by  law,  that  is  forty  pounds  of  tobacco  for  every  negro 
slave,  but  we  will  never  hear  you  more.'  While  we 
were  yet  in  the  gallery  one  climbed  up  into  a  window, 
and  cried  out  with  a  loud  voice  to  Henry  Hall,  '  Sir, 
you  have  broken  a  canon  of  the  Church  ;  you  have 
baptized  several  negroes,  who  being  infidels,  baptism 
ought  not  to  have  been  administered  to  them.5 

"  At  this  the  priest  was  enraged,  but  made  no 
answer  to  the  charge,  only  fumed  and  fretted  and 
threatened  the  man  to  trounce  him. 

"Then  I  observed  to  the  people  that  if  these  negroes 
were  made  Christians  in  this  sense,  members  of 
Christ,  children  of  God,  inheritors  of  the  kingdom  of 
heaven,  received  into  the  body  of  the  Church  of  Christ, 
as  the  language  is  at  the  time  of  sprinkling,  how  could 
they  now  detain  them  longer  as  slaves  ?  Several 
justices  of  the  peace  being  ashamed  of  their  priest, 
slid  out  of  the  meeting  as  unobservable  as  might  be, 
and  the  people  in  general  contemned  them  as  such, 
who  behind  the  back  of  the  Quakers  had  greatly  re 
proached  and  belied  them,  but  face  to  face  were 
utterly  subdued  by  them.  That  night  several  of  the 
justices,  lodging  with  our  friend  Samuel  Chew,1  ex 
pressed  their  sentiments  altogether  in  our  favor,  and 

1  Samuel  Chew  was  tlie  son  of  Samuel  Chew  of  Chewton,  Somer 
setshire,  England.  He  was  a  physician  and  became  Chief  Justice  of 
Delaware.  His  son  Benjamin,  was  born  on  West  River  in  1722,  studied 
law  at  the  Inner  Temple,  London,  and  ultimately  became  the  Chief 
Justice  of  Pennsylvania. 


SIR  THOMAS  LAWRENCE.  169 

the  priests  were  really  ignorant  men  in  matters  of 
religion." 

Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,1  the  Secretary  of  the  colony, 
wincing  under  the  plain  arguments  of  Story,  com 
plained  of  what  he  called  the  tart  expressions  of  the 
Quaker,  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations. 
William  Penn  being  in  England,  his  attention  was 
called  to  the  subject,  to  which  he  alludes  in  a  letter  to 
a  friend : 

"A  silly  knight!  Though  I  hope  it  comes  of  offi 
cious  weakness,  the  talent  of  the  gentleman,  with  some 
malice.  Matters  there  are  never  attacked  by  Thomas 
Story,  nor  in  irreverent  tones. 

"  I  never  heeded  it,  only  said,  that  if  the  gentleman 
had  sense  enough  for  his  office,  he  might  have  known 
this  tale  was  no  part  of  it,  that  Thomas  Story  was  dis 
creet  and  temperate,  and  did  not  exceed  in  his  retorts 
and  returns. 

"  But  'tis  children's  play  to  provoke  a  combat  and 
then  cry  out  that  such  a  one  beats  them ;  that  I  hoped 
they  were  not  a  committee  of  conscience  and  religion, 
and  that  it  showed  the  shallowness  of  the  gentleman 
that  played  the  busybody  in  it." 

At  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century 
the  Quakers  exercised  a  powerful  influence  in  the 
colonies.  Men  were  forced  to  admit,  that  they  were 
keepers  at  home,  industrious,  intelligent,  not  given  to 

1  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  son  of  Sir  John,  B't,  having  spent  all  his 
estate  was  made  Secretary  of  Maryland  in  1696  and  in  1712,  died 
there.—  Notes  and  Queries,  Dec.  27, 1873. 

22 


170          THE  FOUNDERS  or  MARYLAND. 

wine  or  brawling,  cleanly  in  their  habits,  and  honest 
in  their  commercial  transactions. 

The  yearly  meeting  of  the  Society  was  eagerly  looked 
for  by  all  classes.  Edmundson  well  observed,  "  Yearly 
meeting  in  Maryland,  many  people  resort  to  it  and 
transact  a  deal  of  trade  with  one  another,  so  that  it  is 
a  kind  of  market  or  change,  where  the  captains  of  ships 
and  the  planters  meet  and  settle  their  affairs,  and  this 
draws  abundance  of  people."  Occurring  as  it  did  near 
the  Whitsuntide  holidays,  the  black  slaves  flocked 
thither  to  enjoy  rest  for  a  few  days  from  the  exhaust 
ing  labors  of  the  tobacco  field.  Families  from  the 
different  counties  rolled  there,  in  ponderous  old- 
fashioned  carriages  for  the  purpose  of  social  reunion, 
young  men  came  on  fine  horses,  to  compare  them  and 
give  a  trial  of  their  speed,  and  others  went  to  confer 
with  the  beautiful  and  pure  minded  maidens,  who,  in 
their  plain  drab  dresses  and  scooped  bonnets,  were  to 
them  far  more  interesting  than  the  angels,  who  seemed 
cold  and  distant,  because  they  had  neither  flesh  nor 
blood. 

The  accession  of  James  the  Second  to  the  throne  of 
England,  although  he  was  in  religious  sympathy  with 
Charles  Lord  Baltimore,  brought  trouble  to  the  Pro 
prietary  of  Maryland. 

The  King,  fond  of  arbitrary  power,  determined  to 
make  all  of  his  colonial  governments  directly  depend 
ent  upon  the  Crown,  and  in  April,  1687,  ordered  a 
writ  of  quo  warranto  to  be  issued  against  the  charter 
of  Maryland,  but  before  there  could  be  a  hearing  of 


FIRST  PRINTING  PRESS.  171 

the  case,  James  was  an  exile,  and  William  and  Mary 
by  the  revolution  of  1688  ascended  the  throne. 

Taking  advantage  of  the  new  order  of  affairs  in  Eng 
land,  John  Coode  a  clergyman,  the  Titus  Gates  of 
Maryland,  described  as  a  "  democratic  Ferguson  in 
principles  of  government,  an  Hobbist  or  worse  in 
principles  of  religion,"  became  the  leader  of  the  party 
in  the  Province  in  favor  of  abrogating  the  charter. 

In  April,  1689,  was  formed  "  an  association  in  arms 
for  the  defence  of  the  Protestant  religion,  and  for  as 
serting  the  rights  of  King  William  and  Queen  Mary 
to  the  province  of  Maryland  and  all  the  English 
dominion." 

A  statement  was  printed  for  them,  by  Richard  Nut- 
head  at  Saint  Mary,  a  copy  of  which  is  preserved  in 
the  British  Museum  library,  affording  the  first  evidence 
of  a  printing  press  in  Maryland. 

After  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary,  the  King 
of  England  appointed  the  Governors  of  Maryland. 
Lionel  Copley  was  in  1691  commissioned  as  Governor, 
and  soon  after  his  arrival  an  Act  for  the  establishment 
of  the  Protestant  religion  was  passed,  and  the  ten 
counties  divided  into  twenty  parishes. 

The  opposition  of  the  Quakers  was  so  great  that  the 
law  was  a  dead  letter.  After  the  death  of  Copley,  in 
1694,  Nicholson  became  Governor,  and  with  him,  there 
came  in  the  month  of  August,  six  clergymen,1  making 

1  Dickinson,  a  Quaker  preacher,  under  date  of  8th  llmo,  1695  O.  S., 
writes  at  the  Downs  : 

"  Several  priests  were  going  over  into  Maryland  having  heard  that 


172  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

the  whole  number  in  the  Province,  nine.  He  suc 
ceeded  in  passing  a  law  forbidding  public  worship  to 
Roman  Catholics,  but  in  1695,  under  the  influence  of 
Quakers  and  Romanists,  the  invidious  legislation  was 
repealed,  but  the  very  next  year  it  was  enacted,  that 
the  Church  of  England  in  the  Province,  should  enjoy 
all  the  rights,  established  by  law,  in  the  kingdom  of 
England,  and  it  was  proposed  that  a  Bishop  should  be 
appointed,  who  should,  as  a  representative  of  the  clergy, 
have  a  seat  in  the  Upper  House  of  the  Assembly. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Bray,  who  had  in  1696  been  ap 
pointed  Commissary  for  the  clergy,  in  company  with 
Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  Secretary  of  Maryland,  waited 
on  Anne,  the  Princess  of  Denmark,  to  request  her  ac 
ceptance  ofthe  respect  shown  her  by  naming  the  capital 
of  Maryland,  Annapolis.  Bray  having  received  a  do 
nation  for  libraries  from  the  Princess,  he  presented  books 
to  the  amount  of  £400  to  the  capital.  Some  of  these 
books  are  still  on  the  shelves  of  the  library  of  St.  John's 
College  in  that  eity,  and  on  the  covers  is  stamped  u  De 
Bibliotheca  Annapolitana.1  In  March,  1700,  Bray 
arrived  and  preached  before  the  legislative  Assem- 

the  Government  had  laid  a  tax  of  forty  pounds  of  tobacco  on  each  in 
habitant  for  the  advancement  of  the  priest's  wages." 

These  were  probably  the  clergymen  recently  ordained  at  Saint 
Paul's  Cathedral,  London. 

In  1698  a  Rev.  Mr.  Gaddes  was  at  Annapolis,  and  Rev.  Chs.  H'y 
Hall  at  Herring  Creek. 

1  The  following  is  from  the  book  of  St.  James  Parish  :  "  1698.  Books 
received  ye  Rev.  Ch's  H'y  Hall May.  A  Catalogue  of  books  be 
longing  to  ye  library  of  St.  James  Parish  in  Ann  Arundel  Co.,  sent  by 
ye  Rev.  Dr.  Bray,  and  marked  thus  "  belonging  to  ye  library  of  Her 
ring  Creeke,  Ann  Arundel  County," 


PAROCHIAL  LIBRARIES.  173 

bly  at  Annapolis.  At  this  session,  it  was  reenacted, 
that  the  Church  of  England  should  be  the  established 
church  of  Maryland.  As  before,  the  Quakers  used 
their  influence  with  the  King,  to  prevent,  while  J)r. 
Bray  went  back  to  England  to  secure,  its  approval. 

The  biographer  of  Bray  writes  :  u  Though  the  law, 
with  much  solicitation  and  struggling,  was  preserved 

The  following  parochial  libraries  were  sent  to  Maryland   by  Dr. 
Bray  in  the  course  of  a  few  years. 

Books 

Annapolis, 1095 

St.  Mary's, 314 

Herring  Creek, 150 

South  River, 109 

North  Sassafras, 42 

King  and  Queen's  Parish, 196 

Christ  Church,  Calvert  County, 42 

All  Saints, 49 

St.  Paul's,  Calvert  County, 106 

Great  Choptank,  Dorchester  Ccunty, 76 

St.  Paul's,  Baltimore                   "        42 

Stepney,  Somerset                       "        60 

Porto  Batto,  Charles                    "        30 

St.  Peter's,  Talbot                      " 10 

St.  Michael's                               "        15 

All  Faith's,  Calvert                    "        11 

Nanjemoy,  Charles                      "        10 

Piscatoway,      "                           "        10 

Broad  Neck,  Ann  Arundel         "        10 

St.  John's,  Baltimore                   "        10 

St.  George's,     "                           "        10 

Kent  Island, 10 

Dorchester,    10 

Snow  Hill,  Somerset                   "        10 

South  Sassafras, 10 

St.  Paul's,  Kent  County, 35 

William  and  Mary,  Charles  County, 26 

Somerset,  Somerset                    "        20 

Coventry,        "                            "        25 

St.  Paul's  Talbot                        "  2 


174          THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

from  being  totally  disannulled,  yet  many  of  the  excep 
tions  which  the  Quakers  made  against  it,  sticking  with 
the  Lords  of  Trade,  all  that  could  be  obtained  was,  that 
Dr.  Bray  might,  with  advice  of  Council,  draw  up 
another  bill,  according  to  the  instructions  of  that 
Board,  and  sending  the  bill  to  Maryland,  had  the  pro 
mise,  that  his  Majesty,  upon  its  return,  would  confirm 
it." 

The  law  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Bray  was  submitted  to  an 
Assembly  begun  at  Annapolis,  the  16th  day  of  March, 
1701-2,  and  was  approved  by  the  King.  It  was  styled 
"  An  Act  for  the  establishment  of  religious  worship 
in  this  Province,  according  to  the  Church  of  England  : 
and  for  the  maintenance  of  ministers." 

The  Act  provided,  that  "  the  dissenters,  commonly 
called  Quakers  "  should  have  the  privilege  of  making 
a  solemn  affirmation  or  declaration  instead  of  the  usual 

oath. 

Although  absent  in  body,  the  interests  of  the  Epis 
copal  church  in  Maryland  were  not  forgotten  by  Dr. 
Bray,  and  a  Rev.  Mr.  Hewetson,  of  Ireland,  was  re 
commended  as  superintendent  of  the  clergy.  In  a 
letter,  written  at  Chelsea,  August  27,  1703,  and 
addressed  to  Mr.  Smithson,  Speaker  of  the  Maryland 
Assembly,  he  alludes  to  the  rude  treatment  by  the 
Governor,  of  himself  and  the  clergyman,  whom  he  had 
suggested  for  suffragan  or  commissary,  and  proposes 
that  the  Maryland  legislature  shall  set  apart  one  of  the 
best  parishes,  as  the  cure  of  a  suffragan,  to  be  appointed 


CONCLUSION.  175 

by  the  Bishop  of  London,  and  build  a  house  for  his 
residence.  He  further  suggests  that  the  glebe  should 
be  stocked  with  ten  negroes,  twenty  cattle,  and  twenty 
hogs.  It  had  been  proposed,  that  the  suffragan  should 
have  a  seat  at  the  Council  Board  of  the  Province,  but 
this  did  riot  receive  his  approval,  and  he  thought  that 
this  officer  should  not  reside  on  the  same  side  of  the 
Bay  as  the  Governor  of  the  province. 

We  enter  not  upon  the  eighteenth  century.  The 
aim  of  this  little  book  has  been  attained,  if  it  has 
brought  to  light  a  few  facts  not  hitherto  published  re 
lative  to  the  mode  of  life,  the  struggles,  and  principles 
of  those  who  were  the  founders  of  Maryland. 


ADDENDA. 

CLAYBORNE  FAMILY  AND  ARMS. 

JlHIS  family  from  an  early  period,  dwelt  in  West 
moreland,  on  the  borders  of  Cumberland. 

In  the  days  of  Richard  the  Second,  there  was  a  knight 
of  Westmoreland,  Robert  de  Cly borne,  who  bore  on 
his  arms  the  Saxon  motto  "  CJibbor  ne  scearn  "  which 
has  been  variously  translated,  "A  burden  shames  not," 
u  Untouched  by  shame,"  or  "  Adversity  no  Disgrace." 

Over  the  door  of  Cleburne  Hall  erected  in  1577,  near 
Westmoreland,  not  far  from  Penreth,  Cumberland,  is 
cut  the  same  arms  given  to  Robert  Cly  borne  in  the 
Visitation  of  Cumberland,  published  by  the  Har- 
leian  Society;  quartering  of  four.  First  and  fourth 
argents:  three  cheverons  interlaced  in  base,  chief 
sable  :  second  and  third,  argent  saltier  engrailed  vert, 
over  all  a  mullet  for  difference. 

The  Visitation  of  Cumberland  calls  the  father 
of  William  Clayborne  of  Virginia,  Edward ;  and  his 
grandfather  Robert,  but  some  writers  state  that  his 
father's  name  was  Edmund,  and  his  grandfather's 
Raphe  or  Rich'd,  the  result  perhaps  of  careless  tran 
scription. 


178  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Thomas,  an  elder  brother  of  the  Virginia  Clayborn, 
in  1580,  married  Agnes  daughter  of  Sir  John  Lowther, 
of  the  distinguished  family  of  Lowther  Hall,  West 
moreland. 

A  son  of  Thomas,  named  "William,  resided  in  Tip- 
perary  County,  Ireland,  and  in  the  ancient  church  of 
Kilbarron  on  the  east  side  of  Lough  Derg  near  where 
it  flows  into  the  Shannon,  not  far  from  Killaloe,  is  a 
stone  over  a  vault,  in  the  chancel  with  the  following 
coat  of  arms,  and  inscription  : 
Crest. —  A  Dove  and  olive  branch. 
Arms. —  Argent  three  chevronels  braced  in  base  sa. 

A.  chief  and  bordure  of  the  last. 
Motto. —  Pax  et  copia. 

INSCRIPTION. 

Gulielmus  Cleburne  de  Ballicultau,  obiit  vigesimo 
secundo  die,  rnensis  Octobris,  Anno  Domini,  1684. 

William  Clayborne  on  his  return  from  England,  as 
Treasurer  of  Virginia,  sought  for  3000  acres  of  land, 
near  Potomac  Creek,  and  perhaps  it  was  through  his 
influence,  that  the  Legislature  of  Virginia,  in  1653, 
designated  the  region  from  Machodac  Creek  to  the 
Falls  of  the  Potomac,  Westmoreland  County. 


ADDENDA.  179 

SIR  EDMUKD  PLOWDEN. 

Edmund  Plowden  was  the  great  grandson  of 
Edmund  Plowden  the  distinguished  jurist  whose  com 
mentaries  on  law,  Chief  Justice  Coke  called  "  exquisite 
and  elaborate." 

Francis  his  grandfather  born  in  1562,  married  in 
Oxfordshire,  and  died  in  1652,  at  the  age  of  ninety. 

Edmund  resided  after  his  marriage,  about  A.D., 
1610,  at  Wanstead,  Hampshire.  His  wife,  was  Mabel, 
daughter  of  Peter  Mariner  of  that  place. 

Although  he  had  been  educated  a  Roman  Catholic, 
before  he  came  to  America  he  conformed  to  the 
Church  of  England. 

In  1632,  he  petitioned  King  Charles,  for  a  tract  of 
land,  to  be  "  exempted  from  all  appeal  and  subjection 
to  the  Governor  and  Company  of  Virginia,  and  with 
such  other  additions,  privileges  and  dignities,  like  as 
have  been  heretofore  granted  to  Sir  George  Calvert 
K't,  late  Lord  Calvert  in  JSTew  Foundland,  together 
with  the  usual  grants  and  privileges  that  other  colonies 
have  for  governing,  and  ordering  their  planters  and 
subordinates,  and  for  supplying  of  corn,  cattle  and 
necessaries  from  your  Majesty's  Kingdom  of  Ireland, 
with  power  to  take  artificers  arid  laborers  there." 

In  June,  1632,  the  great  seal  of  State  was  affixed  to 
the  charter  of  Maryland,  and  issued  to  Cecil,  the 
Second  Lord  Baltimore,  and  the  next  month  Charles 
the  First,  from  his  court  at  Oatlauds,  issued  an  order 


180  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

for  a  grant  of  land  in  answer  to  the  petition  of  Sir  John 
Lawrence,  Baronet,  and  Sir  Edward  Plowden  Kn't. 
The  king  writes : 

"  Our  pleasure  is,  and  we  do  hereby  authorize  and 
require  you,  upon  the  receipt  of  these,  our  letters, 
forthwith  to  cause  a  grant  of  the  said  Isle,  called  the 
Isle  Plowden,  or  Long  Isle  between  39  and  40  degrees 
North  Latitude,  and  of  forty  leagues  square  of  the  ad 
joining  continent  *  *  *  *  to  be  holden  of  us,  as 
of  our  crown  of  Ireland,  by  the  name  of  New  Albion, 
with  such  privileges,  additions  and  dignities  to  Sir 
Edmund  Plowden,  his  deputies  and  assigns,  as  first 
Governor  of  the  premises,  etc." 

Plowden  appears  to  have  been  a  choleric  and  eccen 
tric  person.  In  the  year  1635,  his  wife  Mabel  com 
plains,  to  the  High  Commission  Court,  that  because 
she  refused  to  sell  an  estate,  which  she  brought  on  her 
marriage,  twenty-five  years  before,  worth  £3000  per 
annum,  her  husband  had  treated  her  witli  extreme 
cruelty.  By  the  persuasion  of  friends,  the  complaint 
was  dropped,  and  the  wife  consented  to  return  once 
more  to  Plowden's  house,  but  he  soon  began,  as  before, 
ill  treatment. 

Another  complaint  on  May  3, 1638,  was  lodged  by  the 
Rev.  Philip  Eofield,  for  twenty-five  years  rector  of  the 
parish  of  Lasham,  Hampshire,  for  beating  his  wife, 
about  to  become  a  mother,  because  Plowden  and  the 
clergyman  had  disagreed  upon  the  terms  of  a  certain 
lease. 


ADDENDA.  181 

In  the  year  1634,  Captain  Young  and  his  nephew 
Robert  Evelyn  commenced  the  exploration  of  the 
Delaware  River,  and  other  parts  of  the  province  of 
New  Albion. '  After  this  voyage  Evelyn  returned  to 
England  and  in  1637  received  an  appointment  as  Sur 
veyor  of  the  Virginia  Colony.  In  1641  there  was  pub 
lished  a  small  quarto  with  title  "  Direction  for  ad 
venturers,  and  true  description  of  the  healthiest, 
pleasantest,  and  richest  plantation  of  New  Albion,  in 
North  Virginia,  in  a  letter  from  Mayster  Robert 
Eveline,  who  lived  there  many  years." 

At  the  time  of  its  publication  Plowden  was  still  in 
England.  The  first  sentence  of  Evelyn's  letter  is  as 
follows  : 

"  Sir  Edmund,  our  noble  Governor  and  Lord  Earl 
Palatine,  persisting  still,  in  his  noble  purpose,  to  go  on 
with  his  plantation,  on  Delaware  or  Charles  River, 
just  midway  between  New  England  and  Virginia, 
where,  with  rny  uncle,  Young,  I  several  years  resided, 
hath  often  informed  himself  both  of  me,  and  Master 
Stratton,  as  I  perceive  by  the  hands  subscribed  of 
Edward  Monmouth,  Tenis  Palee,  and  as  Master  Buck- 
ham,  Master  White,  and  other  ship  masters  and  sailors 
whose  hands  I  know,  and  it  to  be  true,  that  there  lived 
and  traded  with  me.  And  I  should  very  gladly  according 
to  his  desire  have  waited  upon  you  in  person,  had  I 
not  next  week  been  passing  to  Virginia." 

In  concluding  the  letter,  Evelyn  remarks :  u  If  my 
Lord  Palatine  will  bring  with  him  three  hundred  men, 


182          THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

or  more,  there  is  no  doubt,  but  he  may  grow  rich.  *  * 
And  truly  I  believe  my  Lord  of  Baltimore  will  be  glad 
of  my  Lord  Palatine's  plantation  and  assistance,  and 
against  any  enemy  or  bad  neighbor.  *  *  *  *  I  shall 
entreat  you  to  believe  me,  as  a  gentleman  and  Christ 
ian,  I  write  to  you  nothing  but  the  truth,  and  hope 
there,  to  take  opportunity,  in  due  season,  to  visit  you, 
and  do  all  the  good  offices  in  Virginia,  my  place  and 
friends  can  serve  you  in." 

In  1642  Plowden  was  residing  in  Virginia,  and  in 
1648  by  way  of  Boston  he  returned  to  England,  where 
the  same  year  he  published  a  description  of  the  Pro 
vince  of  New  Albion  in  which  are  the  following  state 
ments  : 

"  After  seventeen  years  discovery  there,  and  trial 
made,  is  begun  to  be  planted  and  stored  by  the  Governor 
and  Company  of  New  Albion,  consisting  of  forty-four 
lords,  baronets,  knights,  and  merchants ;  who  for  the 
true  informing  of  themselves,  their  friends,  adventurers 
and  partners,  by  residents  and  traders  there,  four 
several  years,  out  of  their  journal  books,  namely, 
Captain  Browne,  a  shipmaster,  and  Master  Strafford  his 
mate;  and  by  Captain  Claybourn  fourteen  years  there 
trading,  and  Constantine  his  Indian,  there  born  and 
bred ;  and  by  Master  Robert  Evelin  four  years  there, 
yet  by  eight  of  their  hands  subscribed  and  enrolled  do 
testify  this  to  be  the  true  state  of  the  country  and 
Delaware  Bay,  or  Charles'  River." 

Allusion  has  been  made  to  the  fact  that  in  this  book 


ADDENDA.  183 

a  year  before  the  passage  of  Maryland  Act  on  Religion 
a  scheme  of  toleration  is  presented. 

The  precise  date  of  Plowden's  death  has  not  been 
ascertained  but  his  will  was  made  29th  of  July,  1651, 
in  which  he  styles  himself  "  Sir  Edmund  Plowden, 
Lord  Earl  Palatinate,  Governor  and  Captain  General 
of  New  Albion  in  North  America." 

His  sister  Elizabeth,  married  Sir  Arthur  Lake  the 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  who,  like  Sir  George  Calvert,  was 
a  Secretary  of  State,  under  King  James  and  before 
1634,  she  was  a  widow.  The  facts  in  this  notice  have 
been  obtained  from  Visitation  of  Oxfordshire,  De 
scription  of  New  Albion,  Strafford's  Letters,  Bruce's 
Calendars  of  State  Papers  and  Burke's  Landed  Gentry. 


THOMAS  COPLEY,  S.  J. 

JL  HE  warrant  of  protection,  given  by  order  of  Charles 
the  First,  to  Father  Copley,  printed  on  the  ninety- 
second  page  of  this  volume,  was  obtained  upon  the 
plea,  that  he  was  tarrying  in  England,  attending  to  his 
father's  estate. 

In  the  Calendar  of  State  Papers  for  1634,  under  date 
of  1st  of  December,  Thomas  Copley,  in  a  petition  to 
the  King,  states,  that  he  is  an  alien  born,  and  therefore 
conceives  he  is  not  liable  to  trouble,  for  his  religion, 
by  the  laws  of  the  realm,  yet  fearing  he  may  be  molested 


184  THE  FOUNDERS  OF  MARYLAND. 

by  some  messengers,  while  following  occasions  which 
concern  his  father's,  and  his  own  estate,  prays  his 
Majesty  to  refer  this  petition  to  one  of  the  principal 
Secretaries. 

The  attention  of  Secretary  Windebank  was  called  to 
the  request,  and  on  the  10th  of  the  month,  the  warrant 
was  issued. 


SHIP  WARWICK 

JblUBB  ARD  in  History  of  New  England  states  that 
Ferdinando  Gorges  with  John  Mason,  George  Griffith 
and  other  associates,  employed  men  for  several  years, 
to  search  for  a  great  lake,  in  province  of  Laconia,  for 
which,  in  1629,  they  had  received  a  patent. 

The  ship  Warwick,  in  the  summer  of  1630,  arrived 
at  Piscataquay,  New  Hampshire,  bringing  as  passenger 
Capt.  Walter  Neale  to  act  as  Governor  of  the  infant 
settlement  in  that  region. 


INDEX 


Accoraack  plantation,  13,  22. 

Act  concerning  religion,  120; 
Hammond  on,  121;  not  framed 
by  Baltimore,  121 ;  when  con 
firmed,  121 ;  reasserted,  130. 

Albion,  New,  56, 57 ;  see  Plowden. 

Allerton's  plantation,  136. 

Allerton,  Isaac  Sr.,  son-in-law  of 
Wm.  Brewster,  Puritan,  139. 

Allerton,  Isaac  Jr.,  neighbor  of 
Thomas  Gerrard  in  Va. ,  136  ; 
daughter  marries  son  of  Rich 
ard  Lee,  136. 

Altham,  John,  Jesuit,  64;  see 
Gravener. 

Ambrose,  Alice,  Quakeress,  143. 

Anacostan  Indians,  14,  24,  25, 
28,  32  ;  capture  Henry  Fleet, 
11. 

Anacostia,25. 

Analostan  Island,  25. 

Annapolis  Library,  172. 

Anne,  lame  servant  of  Plowden, 
67 ;  travels  with  Margaret 
Brent,  67. 

Anthill,  Francis,  79. 

Archer,  servt.  of  W.  Durand, 
116. 

Ark,  ship  searched,  59,  60,  87. 

Arundel,  Ann,  wife  of  3d  Lord 
Ballimore,  40. 

Arundel,  Count,  40. 

Ashmore,  William,  52,  91. 

Askume,  John,  13. 

Assembly  of  A. D.  1638,91;  1639, 
98;  1642,73;  1649,  120,  150; 
1650,  122  ;  1659, 136. 

Baker,  Alexander,  54. 
Baker,  Andrew,  54. 
Baldwin,  John, '142. 
Balye,  Charles,  142. 
Banks,  Lt.  Richard,  128. 
Baptism  of  East  Indian  boy,  111 ; 
negroes,  156. 

24 


Batte,  Elizabeth,  79. 

Bayard,  Deacon  Peter,  157. 

Baxter,  John,  64. 

Baxter,  Roger,  54. 

Baltimore,  The  Lords,  see  Caloert. 

Beane  or  Bayne,  Walter,  122, 151. 

Beasley,  Elizabeth,  142. 

Beaver  trade,  9,  12,  23,  25,  28. 

Bellson,  John,  killed,  52. 

Bennett,  Richard,  Parliament 
Commissioner,  57 ;  treats 
with  Indians,  116;  kind  to 
Quakers,  147;  his- executors, 
147. 

Berkeley,  Gov  of  Va.,  expels 
Puritans,  113,  116;  censured 
by  Parliament,  116;  very 
peevish,  146,  147 ;  visited  by 
Quakers,  147. 

Berry,  William,  Quaker,  130,  164. 

Bertrand,  Rev.  Paul,  163. 

Birkhead,  Abraham,  145. 

Bishop,  Henry,  91. 

Bohemia  Manor,  155. 

Bolton,  Ann,  marries  Francis 
Brooke,  124. 

Boremau,  William,  129. 

Bosworth,  Capt.  Richard,  129. 

Bownas,  Quaker  preacher,  158. 

Bray,  Rev.  Dr.  Thos.,  Commis 
sary,  17;  at  Annapolis,  17; 
establishes  Church  of  Eng 
land,  17. 

Brent,  Margaret,  executrix  of 
Gov.  Leonard  Calvert,  66; 
her  brothers,  66 ;  courted  in 
old  age,  68. 

Brewster,  William,  Puritan,  139. 

Bricks  made  in  Providence,  80. 

Brock,  John,  Jesuit,  96. 

Brock,  Richard,  79. 

Brooke,  Baker,  137. 

Brooke,  Francis,  in  Assembly  of 
1650,  122  ;  his  wife,  124.  ' 

Brooke,  Henry,  78. 


186 


INDEX. 


Brough,  William,  122. 

Browne,  Richard,  Winter's  ser 
vant,  60. 

Brown,  Richard,  79. 

Bryant,  John,  91. 

Burnham  Thorpe,  81. 

Burnyeat,  John, Quaker  preacher, 
143,  148. 

Burroughs,  Edward,  Quaker 
preacher,  146. 

Calvert,  George,  1st  Lard  Balti 
more,  40-48  :  early  life,  40 ; 
joins  Church  of  Rome,  40  ; 
opposed  freedom  of  speech, 
40;  in  New  Foundland,  41 ; 
sick,  42 ;  second  wife,  41,  46 ; 
visits  Virginia,  43 ;  refuses 
oath,  44,  45 ;  asks  lor  land, 
45 ;  obtains  Maryland,  48. 

Calvert,  Cecil,  2d  Lord  Balti 
more,  40  ;  his  wife  Ann  Arun- 
del,  40 ;  opposes  Clayborne, 
48,  50 ;  aided  by  Gov.  Har 
vey,  53 ;  letter  from  the  King, 
55 ;  sends  a  colony,  59 ;  de 
scribes  embarcation,  62;  his 
ships  searched,  61 ;  reorgan 
izes  Province,  73  ;  ceases  to 
originate  laws,  98 ;  is  poor, 
101;  disputes  with  Jesuits, 
101;  invites  Puritans,  108; 
assents  to  Toleration  Acts, 
121 ;  affiliates  with  New 
England,  126;  settles  diffi 
culties,  130  :  against  a  settled 
church  establishment,  151. 

Calvert,  George,  son  of  1st  Lord 
Baltimore,  49,  64;  friendly  10 
Clayborne,  49 ;  time  of  death, 
64. 

Calvert,  Leonard,  Governor,  16  ; 
settles  at  Yowaccomoco,  17; 
not  an  illegitimate,  41 ;  de 
mands  on  Clayborne,  4S,  49  ; 
his  early  lite,  65;  called  a 
dunce,  65  ;  sails  for  England, 
73  ;  obtains  letter  of  marque, 
73;  seizes  Parliament  ship, 
75 ;  interview  with  Margaret 
Brent,  66 ;  his  legacies,  66  ; 
his  godson  Leonard  Green, 
66. 

Calvert,  Philip,  42,  118, 137. 

Camden's  notice  of  Edward  Pal 
mer,  9. 


Canada,  Cornelius,  brickmaker, 

80. 

Canada  Indians,  25. 
Candayack  or  Paniunkey  Point, 

57. 

Cannibalism  alleged,  20,  31,  33. 
Carline,  Henry,  142. 
Caruock,  Christopher,  91. 
CarolanM  granted  to  Heath,  47. 
Catholics,  Roman,  few  in  Pro 

vince,  96,   120,151;   oppose 

toleration  oath,  122;  Protes 

tant  complaint  of  94;  abuse 

of,  96. 

Chariiiton,  Thomas,  91. 
Chester,  J.   L.,  on   Washington 

ancestry,   137;   Westminster 


Chew,  Benjamin  168. 

Chew,  Samuel  168. 

Chipsham,  Robert,  129. 

Church  of  England  established, 
73;  Holy  Church,  98. 

Clarkson,  Robert,  letter  of,  141. 

Clayborne,  William,  13,  16,  17, 
22;  visited  by  Fleet,  14;  an 
cestry  of,  38;  surveyor  of 
Virginia,  39;  at  Pamunkey, 
39;  Secretary  of  Virginia, 
44,  46  ;  his  trading  posts,  48  ; 
resists  Gov.  Calvert.  49;  sus 
tained  by  Virginia,  49;  con 
fers  with  Patuxents,  49; 
described  by  Capt.  Young, 
50;  his  vessel  seized,  51; 
holds  Kent  Island,  54,  56; 
goods  of  at  Palmers  Isle,  55  ; 
servants  of  at  Palmers  Isle, 
55;  Parliament  Commis 
sioner,  57  ;  at  Pamunkey,  57  ; 
reappointed  Secretary  of  Va., 
58;  in  Va.  legislature,  58; 
family  and  arms,  177,  178. 

Clayborne,  William  Jr.,  58. 

Clayborne,  Thomas,  killed  by 
Indian,  58. 

Clerkenweil  College  of  Jesuits, 
91. 

Cloberry,  William,  London  mer 
chant,  11. 

docker,  Daniel,  78. 

Cloughton,  James,  54. 

Cole,  Josiah,  130. 

Cole.  Rev.  Mr.,  139. 

Cole,  Richard,  79,  91. 

Cole,  Thomas,  129,  142. 


INDEX. 


187 


Cole,  William,  142,  158. 

Coles,  Ann,  116. 

Coleman  of  Anamessex,  146. 

Compton,  Bishop  of  London,  151. 

Compton,  James,  92. 

Coode,  Rev.  John,  151. 

Cook,  John,  78. 

Copte,  Jeremiah,  78. 

Copland.  Rev.  Patrick,  chaplain, 
111 ;  teaches  East  Indians, 
111;  with  Sir  Thos.  Dale, 
112;  in  Java,  112;  collection 
for  Va. ,  112;  sermon  to  Va. 
Co.,  113;  letter  from  Hugh 
Peters,  114;  to  Winthrop, 
114;  at  Eleuthera,  115. 

Copley,  Thomas,  Jesuit,  96,  97 ; 
his  petition,  184;  letter  from 
king,  92;  his  ancestry,  92; 
land  warrant,  93;  trades  in 
beaver,  93  ;  his  house  seized, 
103;  at  St.  Inigo,  104. 

Corbin,  Henry,  notice  of,  128; 
sees  a  witch  hung,  128. 

Corbin,  Richard,  friend  of  Wash 
ington,  128. 

Cornish,  Robert,  123. 

Corn  sent  to  New  England,  20, 24. 

Cornwallis,  Sir  Charles,  69. 

Cornwalhs,  Wm  ,  K't,  70. 

Cornwallis,  Caroline  Francis,  81 ; 
her  books,  83;  her  death,  83. 

Cornwallis,  Mary,  81. 

Cornwallis,  Thomas,  seizes  Clay- 
borne's  vessels,  51 ;  at  Poco- 
moke,  52 ;  ancestry  of,  69 ; 
trades  with  Indians,  70;  val 
uable  legislator,  73  ;  his  fair 
house,  73  ;  returns  from  Eng 
land,  73  ;  has  lands  at  Poto- 
paco,  73 ;  declines  Councillor- 
ship,  73  ;  fights  Indians,  73  ; 
goes  to  England,  74;  suit 
against  Ingle,  75  ;  list  of  ser 
vants,  77;  kindness  to  ser 
vants,  80 ;  purchases  bricks, 
80;  marries,  80. 

Cornwallis,  Rev.  Thomas,  81. 

Cornwallis,  William  Sr.,  81. 

Cornwallis,  William  Jr.,  81. 

Coltington,  Sir  Francis,  46. 

Coursey,  Henry,  complains  of 
Jesuit,  132. 

Cox,  James,  122. 

Cox,  Richard,  92. 

Cranfield,  Edward,  64. 


Crouch,  Ralph,  127. 
Curtis,  Robert,  79. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  death  of,  112. 

Dandy,  John,  hung,  129. 

Danker  or  Dankaerts,  a  Labadist, 
154;  at  Manhattan,  154; 
atTinicum,  155  ;  at  Bohemia 
Manor,  155;  visits  Augustus 
Herrman,  156;  describes 
Herrman  family,  156 ;  visited 
by  Peter  Bayard,  157. 

Darby,  Francis,  129. 

Davenant,  Will,  poet,  126;  ap 
pointed  Gov.  of  Md.,126. 

Davenport,  Rev.  John,  116. 

Davison,  Christopher,  poet,  and 
Secretary  of  Va. ,  39 . 

Davison,  Thomas,  92. 

Uavison,  Sir  William,  39. 

Dawson,  William,  killed,  52. 

Deering,  Edward,  78. 

De-la-Grange,  Arnold,  158. 

Delaware  River  explored,  50,  54. 

Dent,  Thomas,  settles  at  Gis- 
borough,  123. 

De  Vries,  describes  Virginia,  16  ; 
first  peach  orchard,  52. 

Dew,  Col.  Thomas,  146. 

Dorchester,  Lord,  Secretary  of 
State,  46. 

Dorrell,  Thomas,  64. 

Dorsey,  Ann,  142. 

Doughty,  Rev.  Francis,  notice  of, 
118;  brother-in-law  of  Gov. 
Stone,  118;  at  Manhattan, 
118;  his  daughter,  118. 

Dove,  ship  searched,  61. 

Dream  ot  Indian  Chief,  97. 

Duke,  Richard,  91,  95. 

Dunton,John,  Captain  of  War 
wick,  12,  20. 

Durand,  William,  of  Va.,  116; 
settles  at  Severn,  116;  his 
family,  116 ;  Secretary  of 
Province,  116;  kind  to 
Quakers,  116,  130;  coun 
cillor,  142. 

Edmoudson,  William,  Quaker 
preacher,  144;  visits  Gov. 
Berkeley,  146. 

Edwards,  Robert,  91. 

Edwyn,  91. 

Elderton,  Wm.,  interpreter,  31. 

Eleuthera,  Isle  of,  112. 


188 


INDEX. 


Elpin,  John,  91. 

Embarcation  of  Maryland  Colo 
nists,  59. 

Eston,  John,  79. 

Evelyn,  George,  at  Kent.  Island, 
54,  107;  his  ancestry,  54; 
servants,  54;  calls  Go v.  Cul 
vert  a  dunce,  65. 

Evelyn,  Richard,  54. 

Evelyn,  Robert,  54. 

Evelyn  ton  Manor,  54. 

Fairfax,  Henry,  137. 

Fairfax,  Nicholas,  64. 

Fairfax,  William,  137. 

Falls  of  Potomac,  24,  28. 

Farmer,  Richard,  78. 

Fendail,  Josias,  Governor,  137; 
letter  to  John  Washington, 
138. 

Fennell,  Robert,  13. 

Fenwick,  Cuthbert,  74,  77,  123, 
138. 

Ferrar,  John,  112,  114. 

Ferrar,  Nicholas,  114. 

Fisher,  Philip,  Jesuit,  91,  97,  99, 
103,  104. 

Fitzherbert,  Francis,  Jesuit,  128  ; 
sees  a  witch  hung,  128 ; 
threatens  Thomas  Gerrard, 
132 ;  tried  for  sedition,  133 ; 
on  Act  for  Religion,  135; 

Fleet,  Edward,  14,  24,  28;  in  leg 
islature,  17 ; 

Fleet,  Henry,  visits  England,  11 ; 
taken  by  Auacostans,  4,  25  ; 
commands  the  Paramour,  11  ; 
factor  of  ship  Warwick,  12  ; 
trades  in  New  England,  12, 
19;  at  Isle  of  Shoals,  13,  21 ; 
visits  Clayborne,  13, 22 ;  visits 
Potomac  Falls,  14, 27  ;  before 
Gov.  Hawley,  15,  34,  35  ;  un 
faithful  to  Griffith  &  Co.,  15  ; 
interprets  for  Gov.  Calvert, 
16  ;  receives  a  land  grant,  17 ; 
in  Ma^land  legislature,  17 ; 
in  Rappahannpck  region,  17 ; 
in  Virginia  legislature,  17 ;  his 
Journal,  19-36;  builds  new 
pinnace,  36;  illiterate,  37; 
called  a  liar,  50. 

Fleet,  John,  in  legislature,  17. 

Fleet,  Reynold,  in  legislature,  17. 

Fleet's  Point,  Va.,  18. 
Ford,  Hannah,  78. 


Fox,  George,  Quaker  preacher, 
143 ;  at  Patuxent,  144 ;  at 
Severn,  144;  at  Cliffs,  145; 
in  Somerset,  145 ;  in  Annapo 
lis,  146. 

Freak,  William.  78. 

Freeman,  Morris,  78. 

Freeman,  William,  55. 

Fremonds,  Lewis,  91. 

Frisell,  Thomas,  79. 

Fuller,  Thos.,notice  of  Palmer,  10. 

Fuller,  Capt.  William,  116,142; 
kind  to  Quakers,  130. 

Fur  trade  in  Chesapeake,  9. 

Gage,  John,  78. 

Gardner,     Luke,     92;      detains 

Eleanor  Hattou,128. 
Garrett,    William,     an     ancient 

Friend,  146. 

Gary,  Alice,  142,  148,  155. 
Gary,  John,  142. 
Gates,  Sir  Thos.,  death  of,  112. 
Gee,  John,  96. 
George,  a  smith,  78. 
Gerard,  Richard,  early  colonist, 

64 ;  cup-bearer  Charles  2d,  64. 
Gerrard,    Thomas,   surgeon,   98; 

wife  a  Protestant,  98;  fined 

for  closing  a  chapel,  100 ;  his 

wife  complains  ot  Fitzherbert, 

Jesuit,  133 ;  Assembly  meets 

at  his  house,  136 ;  removes  to 

Va.,  136  ;  death  of,  136. 
Gervase,  Thomas,  Jesuit,  91. 
Gibbons,  Edward,  of  Boston,  108 ; 

letter  from  Baltimore,  109; 

Admiral  of  Province,  112. 
Gisborough,  settled  by   Thomas 

Denf,  123. 
Gondomar,  Spanish  Ambassador, 

40. 

Goodman,  Bp.  of  Gloucester,  40. 
Gookin,  Daniel,  25. 
Gossip,  derivation  of,  139. 
Gould,  Daniel,  Quaker  preacher, 

144,  148. 

Gravener,  Jesuit,  91. 
Gray,  Francis,  78. 
Gray,  Stephen,  78. 
Green,  Henry,  64. 
Green,  Leonard,  godson  of  Gov. 

Calvert,  66. 
Green,  Gov.    Thomas,  removed, 

118;  account  of    Gov.   Cal- 

vert's  will,  66. 


INDEX. 


189 


Griffin,  Edmund,  55. 

Griffith,  George  &  Co.,  complaint 

of,  15 ;  owners  of  Warwick, 

19. 

Griffith,  William,  A.M.,  19. 
Guiana,  Raleigh's  map  of,  55. 
Guttridge,  George  marries  widow 

of  Lt.  Lewis,  95. 
Gwyther,  Nicholas,  78. 

Hall,  Rev.  Henry,  166:  at  Her 
ring  Creek,  172. 

Hallowes,  John,  79. 

Hammond,on  Toleration  Act  120. 

Harrison,  Anna,  of  South  Cave, 
137. 

Harrison,  Eleanor,  of  South  Cave, 
137. 

Harrison,  Thomas,  79. 

Harrison,  Rev.  Thomas,  110;  be 
comes  non  conformist,  110; 
letter  to  Winthrop,  112  ;  re 
ceives  degree  ot  D.D.,  116; 
marries  cousin  of  Gov.  Win- 
1hrop,117  ;  chaplain  of  Henry 
Cromwell,  117;  sermon  on 
Oliver  Cromwell,  117. 

Hard  wick,  William,  75. 

Harman,  Charles,  13,  15,  23,  25, 
33  ;  goods  seized,  50. 

Harris,  Elizabeth,  Quakeress,  141. 

Harris,  Richard,  7!). 

Harvey,  John,  Gov.  of  Virginia, 
12  ;  deposed,  13,  53  ;  knocks 
out  teeth,  13;  re-instated,  13; 
dies  poor,  13 ;  favors  Henry 
Fleet,  36. 

Harvey,  Richard,  79. 

Hatch,  John,  54,  122. 

Hatch,  Thomas,  91. 

Uatton,  Eleanor,  detained  by 
Gardner,  128. 

Hatton,  Thomas,  Secretary  of 
Province,  128. 

Hatton,  William,  123. 

Haw  ley,  Henry,  84,86. 

Hawley,  James,  Sr.,83. 

Hawley,  James  Jr.,  85. 

Hawley,  Jerome, Com'r,  83  ;  early 
life,  83;  visits  England,  84; 
Treasurer  of  Va.,  84;  com 
plaint  against,  84 ;  death,  85. 

Hawley,  William,  85. 

Heath,  Sir  Robert,  47. 

Hebden,  Thos,  54;  surgeon,  107; 
asks  prayer  for  his  soul,  107. 


Hervey,  John,  tailor,  75. 
Hervey,  Michael,  91. 
Hereckenes,  Indians,  31,  33. 
Herrman,    Augustine,   155,   156; 

his   map,   10,   57,   136,   156 ; 

his  wives,  157. 

Herrman,  Anna  Margaritta,  157. 
Herrman,  Caspar,  155, 157. 
Herrman,  Ephraim,  154,  157. 
Herrman,  Francina,  157. 
Herrman,  Judith,  157. 
Hill,  Capt,,  64. 
Hill,  John,  54,91. 
Hill,  Richard,  78. 
Hill,  Rev.  Matthew,  151. 
Hilliard,  John,  91. 
Hintou,  Sir  Thomas,  49. 
Hodges,  Thomas,  91. 
Hogg,  William,  116. 
Holclen,  John,  79. 
Hollis,  John,  78,91. 
Hooper,  Henry,  surgeon,  127. 
Hopkins,  John,  164. 
Horton,  Manor  of,  54. 
Howgill,   Fr.,   Quaker  preacher, 

131. 

Indians,  Anacostan,  25,  28,  32; 
Canada,  25;  Hereckenes,  31, 
33  ;  Massomack,  25 ;  Mosti- 
cnm,27,30,  33;  Mohawk,  20; 
Pascattowies,  26,  28,  32  ;  Pa- 
tuxent,  40;  Rappalmnnock, 
17;  Shametowa,  27;  Ton- 
hoga,  27,  32;  Usserahak,  27, 
29,  32. 

Ingle,  Capt.  Richard,  73;  ship 
captured,  74;  retaliates,  75, 
103 ;  petitions  Parliament, 
75 ;  takes  Father  White,  75, 
103. 

Jacques,  Edward,  78. 

Jackson,  Martha,  78. 

James,  Rev.  Thos.,  110. 

Jennings,  Mary,  91. 

Jesuit,  John  Altham,  see  Gra- 
vener ;  John  Brock,  96 ; 
Thomas  Copley,  92,  96,  103, 
104,  107, 127  ;  Ralph  Crouch, 
127 ;  Francis  Fitzherbert, 
133;  Thomas  Gervase,  91; 
John  Gravener,  91,  96; 
John  Knowles,  91  ;  Mor- 
g.u,  alias  Brock;  Walter 
Morley,  92,  93;  Ferdinand 


190 


INDEX. 


Pulton,  92,  96;  Roger  Rigby, 
99 ;  Lawrence  Starkey,  104, 
127 ;  Andrew  White,  75,  89, 
99, 103. 

Jesuits,  Parliament  complains  of, 
100;  controversy  with  Balti 
more,  101 ;  oppose  Balti 
more's  oath,  101 ;  violate 
compact,  102 ;  relation  of  1st 
voyage,  89  ;  Protestant  con 
versions,  94;  Indian  dream, 
97 ;  disputes  with  Proprietary 
103;  indelicate  soldier,  105; 
New  England  captain,  108  ; 
witch  hanging,  128. 

Jew,  Doctor  Lumbrozo,  132. 

Johns,  Richard,  on  oaths,  164;  his 
creed,  167. 

Jones,  William,  55. 

Josias,  a  servant,  79. 

Kadger,  Robert,  92. 
Keane,  Thomas,  54. 
Kemp,  Richard,  Sec.  of  Va.,  52. 
Kent  Island,  47,  49,51,54. 
King,  Robert,  79. 
King,  Walter,  92. 
Kirk,  Captain,  of  Canada,  30. 
Knott,  James,  14. 
Knowles,  Jesuit,  91. 
Knowles,  Rev.  John,  Protestant, 
110. 

Labadie  leaves  Ch.  of  Rome,  154. 

Labadists,  mode  of  life,  155  ;  in 
Maryland,  153;  described  by 
Bowrnas,  158. 

Lambeth  Palace  Library,  14,  19 

Lambrozo,  Jew  Doctor,  132. 

Land,  Philip,  122. 

Lawrence,  Sir  Thomas,  169 ; 
called  silly  knight,  169. 

Lee,  John,  136. 

Lee,  Hancock,  marries  Miss  Al- 
lerton,  136. 

Lee,  Henry,  54. 

Lee,  Mary,  hung  as  a  witch,  129. 

Lee,  Richard,  136. 

Leeds,  Sir  John,  83. 

Lewis,  William,  abuses  Protest 
ants,  95. 

Lewger,  Rev.  John,  Sec.  of  Md., 
60,  93  ;  joins  Ch.  of  Rome,  71 ; 
arrival  in  Province,  71,  93; 
his  servants,  71 ;  legacy  to 
wife,  60  ;  wife's  death,  72. 


Lewger,  John,  son  of  Rev.  John, 
72;  his  will,  72. 

Library  at  Annapolis,  172 ;  at  Her 
ring  Creek,  172. 

Libraries  of  Parishes,  173. 

Lindle,  Sarah,  79. 

Lindsay,  James,  servant,  66. 

Lloyd, 'Ed  ward,  137. 

London  Company,  see  Virginia 
Co. 

Lowe,  Richard,  Capt,  of  Ark,  60. 

Lusthead,  Richard,  91. 

Malignants,  76. 

Manners,  George,  22. 

Martin,  Christopher,  77. 

Martin,  John,  92. 

Marsh,  Maruaret,  116. 

Marsh,  Sarah,  148. 

Marsh,  Thomas,  116. 

Marvell,  Andrew,  poet,  154. 

Maryland,   origin   of  name,   48 ; 

point  in  England,  81. 
Massachusetts  Bay,  21. 
Massomack  Indians,  25. 
Mathews,  Thomas,  expelled,  122. 
Matthews,  Edward,  78. 
Matthews,  Samuel,  44,  53  ;  notice 

of,  48. 

Maylande,  John,  79. 
Maynard,  Charles,  78. 
Mead,  Joseph,  on  Lord  Baltimore, 

47. 

Medcalf,  John,  64. 
Medcalf,  William,  54. 
Medley,  John,  79,  122. 
Minifie,    George,   52 ;  his    peach 

orchard,  52. 
Mitchell,  Capt.  W.,  skeptic,  124; 

his  idfe,  124;  governess,  124. 
Moll,  John,  158. 
Moreman,  Alice,  78. 
Morgan,  Howell,  54. 
Morgan,  Roger,  79. 
Morgan,  Rowland,  54. 
Morley,  Walter,  lay-brother,  92. 
Mosticum  Indians,  27,  30,  33. 
Motham,  Thomas,  92. 
Mottershead.  Zachery,  78. 
Mowhak  Indians,  20. 
Moyumpse,  Indian  town,  33. 

Nacostines,  25,  28,  32. 

Neal,  Capt.  Walter,  at  Piscataqua, 

184. 
Nevill  or  Nicholl,  Richard,  91. 


INDEX. 


191 


New  Albion,  56,  57. 

New  Foundland,  Baltimore  at, 

41. 
Newport,  Capt.,  plants  the  cross, 

91. 

Nicholet,  Rev.  Mr.,  124. 
Northey,  Sir  Edward,  99. 
Norton,  John,  Sr.,  77. 
Norton,  John,  Jr.,  77. 
Nuthead,  Richard,  printer,  171. 

Oath,  of  allegiance,  60, 87  ;  tolera 
tion,  118;  fidelity,  altered, 
121,  127. 

O'Neal,  Hugh,  118. 

Opechancanough,  Indian  chief, 
17. 

Orley,  Thomas,  54. 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas,  9,  83. 

Owen,  Dr.  Griffith,  Quaker 
preacher,  166. 

Palmer,  Edward,  noticed,  9. 

Palmer's  Island,  9,  48,  55,  86. 

Parris,  Edmund,  54. 

Patobano,  see  Porto  Batto. 

Patuxent  Indians,  49 ;  chief  friend 
of  Clayborne,  49. 

Peach  orchard,  early,  52. 

Pead,  Rev,  Duell,  Sr.,  159;  Jr., 
159. 

Peirce,  Capt.  William,  52. 

Penington,  Admiral,  60. 

Penn,  William,  165,  169. 

Penshoot,  William,  179. 

Perkins,  Doctor,  works  of,  55. 

Peters,  Rev.  Hugh,  114. 

Philips,  Bartholomew,  60. 

Phillips,  Mary,  79. 

Piscattovvay  or  Piscataqua,  New 
England,  19,  21;  Maryland, 
14, 15.  33,  36  ;  Chief's  dream, 
97. 

Plowden,  Sir  Edmund,  56,  57; 
land  grant,  57 :  speaks  of 
Clayborne,  56 ;  time  of  death, 
57  ;  accuses  Mitchell  of  blas 
phemy,  124;  ske:ch  of  his 
life,  179-183. 

Pocomake  River,  fight  at,  52. 

Pope's  Bull,  In  ccena  Domini, 
101. 

Porto  Batto,  35,  57 ;  Cornwallis 
grant  at,  80. 

Pory,  John,  Secretary  of  Va.,  9. 

Posey,  Francis,  122. 


Potomac  Creek  stockade,  11 ; 
Falls,  14,  28 ;  Indian  village, 
14,  24,  35. 

Pott,  John,  A.M.,  surgeon,  39  ; 
Governor  of  Va.,  43. 

Prescott,  Edward,  accused  of 
hanging  a  witch,  137. 

Preston,  James,  Quaker,  145. 

Preston,  Richard,  Quaker,125,130, 

Printing  press  at  St.  Mary,  171. 

Protestant  Catholics,  99 ;  minis 
ters  in  Va.,  Ill ;  ministers 
in  Md.,  149,  151. 

Protestants  abused,  96. 

Pudding-ton,  Geo.,  122. 

Puritans  in  Maryland,  127  ;  Vir 
ginia,  110. 

Pypott,  Mrs.  Temperance,  66. 

Quakers,  arrival  of,  130;  perse 
cuted,  131 ;  their  preachers, 
140  ;  petition  on  oaths,  164. 

Rabnet,  Francis,  servant,  91. 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  55. 
Rappahannock  Indians,  17. 
Rawlinsou,  Charles,  79. 
Reade,  George,  137. 
Reformation,  Capt.  Ingle's  ship, 

75. 

Revell,  Randall,  53. 
Richardson,  Elizabeth,  hung,  139. 
Robins,  Robert,  122. 
Rockwood,  John,  79. 
Rockwood,  Thomas,  79. 
Roedler,  Matthew,  54. 
Rogers,  M.,  91. 
Roymont,  Richard,  55. 

Saire,  William,  64. 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin,  39,  113. 

Sandys,  George,  39. 

Saunders,  John,  64. 

Saunders,  Rev.Jonathan,  155, 159. 

Saunderson,  Rev.  Ambrose,  155. 

Savage,  Ensign,  9. 

Sayle,  Capt. ,  explores  Eleuthera, 
115. 

Scovell,  Samuel,  54. 

Seal  of  Virginia  described,  113. 

Sedgrave,  Robert,  92 ;  in  behalt 
of  Protestants,  95. 

Servants,  of  Cornwallis,  77;  Pul 
ton,  92;  Wilkinson,  123; 
White,  91 ;  Copley,  92;  Eve 
lyn,  54 ;  Clayborne,  55. 


192 


INDEX. 


Sharpe,  Dr.  Peter,  Quaker,  145 ; 
his  will,  147. 

Shaunetowa  Indians,  27. 

Ship,  Ark,  59,  60 ;  Bona  Ventura, 
49 ;  Charles,  13 :  Charity,  129  : 
i>ove,  60;  Furtherance,  13; 
George,  14;  Paramour,  11; 
Samuel,  52 ;  Sea  Flower,  49 ; 
Southampton,  49 ;  Tiger,  10  ; 
Warwick,  10,  12,15;  Refor 
mation,  75. 

Shippen,  Edward,  157,  166. 

Shirley,  Francis,  78. 

Shirely,  Robert,  91. 

Simpson,  Robert,  91. 

Sinckleare,  William,  79. 

Slye,  Robert,  son-in-law  of  Ger- 
rard,  134,  136. 

Sluy ter,  Peter,  Labadist,  154, 158. 

Smith,  Roger,  44. 

Smith,  Thomas,  sentenced  to 
dentil,  52. 

Snow,  Justinian,  Baltimore's  fac 
tor,  64 ;  a  heretic,  97. 

Snow,  Abel,  98. 

Snow,  Marmaduke,  98. 

Snow,  Susannah,  wife  of  Surgeon 
Gerrard,  98 ;  family  Protest 
ant,  99. 

Soldier's  indelicacy,  105. 

Somerset,  Earl  of,  9. 

Sousa,  Matthias,  91. 

Speed,  John,  60. 

Spilman,  Henry,  11. 

St.  Mary,  old  Yowaccomoco,  17. 

Starkey,  Lawrence,  Jesuit,  104, 
127. 

Statham,  Thomas,  91. 

Bterman  or  Sturman,  John,  75. 

Sterman  or  Sturman,  Thomas, 
75,  122. 

Stevens,  Ann,  123. 

Stevens,  Judge,  of  Auamessex, 
146. 

Stirke,  George,  115. 

Stirke,  Rev. 'Mr.,  115. 

Stone,  Gov.  Wra.,  notice  of, 
118;  removed,  125;  council 
lor,  137  ;  in  battle,  142. 

Stone,  Thomas,  of  London,  118. 

Story,  Thomas,  Quaker  preacher, 
166;  controversy  with  Hall, 
166. 

Streeter,  S.  F.,  on  Toleration  Oath, 
118. 

Stringer,  death  of,  123. 


Strong,  Leonard,  116. 
Stuyvesant,  Governor,  156. 
Symonds,  Dorothy,  marries  Rev. 
Thomas  Harrison,  117. 

Tailor,  George,  60. 

Taney,  Mary,  letter  to  Arch 
bishop,  160;  petitions  for  a 
church,  162. 

Tayac,  Piscataway  chief,  97. 

Terra  Marise,  origin  of  name,  48. 

Thomson,  John,  91. 

Thornton,  John,  91. 

Thurston,  Thomas,  Quaker 
preacher,  130. 

Tiger,  ship  ascends  Potomac,  11. 

Toleration,  The  Act  of,  120,  121, 
130 ;  Jesuit  view  of,  135  ;  in 
Parliament,  111 ;  Roger  Wil 
liams  on,  111 ;  Plowden  on, 
119 ;  Oath,  118, 123;  verses  on, 
154. 

Tompkins,Mary,  Quakeress,  143. 

Tompson,  Rev.  W.,110. 

Tonhoga  Indians,  27,  32. 

Tue,  John,  92. 

Tue,  Restituta,  78. 

Turks,  capture  ship  Tiger,  10. 

Usserahak  Indians,  27,  29,  31,  32. 

Utie,  or  Uty,  John,  15,  34,53;  no 
tice  of,  49. 

Utie,  or  Uty,  Ann,  wife  of  John, 
49. 

Urie,  Nathaniel,  137. 

Van  Eyden,  Francis,  78. 
Virginia   Company's  Journal,  9, 

55 ;  seal,  113  ;  council,  49,  51 ; 

Puritans,    113,     117;  go    to 

Maryland,  117. 
Virginians  described,  16. 

Walker,  John,  54. 
Walter,  Roger,  79. 
Ward,  Edward.  79. 
Warren,  Ratcliff,  52. 
Warren,  William,  52 
Wart erli us,  Walter,  78. 
Warwick,  ship,  12,  184. 
Washington,  ancestry,  136,    137. 
Washington,  George,  128. 
Washington,  Henry,  137. 
Washington,  Lawrence,  137. 
Washington,  Richard,  137. 
Watkins,  Edward,  61,  87. 


INDEX. 


193 


Watson's  Island,  see  Palmer  '«. 

Webb,  Arthur,  60. 

Wells,  William,  79. 

Wentworth,  Sir  Thomas,  letters 
to,  41,  52,  62. 

West,  Francis,  Gov.  of  Va.,  49. 

West,  John,  his  brother,  53. 

West,  Philip,  54. 

West  Point,  or  Pamunkey,  57. 

Wheatley,  John,  79. 

White,  Andrew,  Jesuit,  64  ;  notice 
of  Clayborne,  16;  notice  of 
Fleet,  16 ;  at  Isle  of  Wight, 
61 ;  prisoner,  75  ;  pardoned, 
103,  104. 

White,  George,  92. 

White,  Thomas,  60. 

White,  Philip,  57. 


Wickliffe,  Daniel,  54, 100. 

Wi^gin,  Ann,  75. 

Wilkinson,  Rev.    William,   123, 

151;    many     pursuits,     123! 

charge  for  sermon,  123. 
Williams,  Roger,  his  plea,  111. 
Williamson,  William,  54. 
Windebank,  Sec.  of  State,  50. 
Winter,  Sir  John,  49,  64,  91 ;  his 

brother  Edward,  64. 
Winter,  Frederick,  64. 
Wiseman,  Henry,  64. 
Wiseman,  Penelope,  80. 
Witch  hanging,  128,  137,  139. 
Wortley,  John,  54. 
Woolchurch,  Henry,  142. 
Wyatt,  Gov.  Francis,  13,  25,  39. 
Wyatt,  Rev.  Haul,  39. 


UNIVERSITY1 


25 


CORRIGENDA. 

Page  91,  Caption.     Bark  Virginia,  should  read  Bark  Warwick. 

45,  Running  title.     Takes  the  oath,  should  read  refuses  the  oath. 
66,  Richard  William,  should  read  Richard  Willand. 
71,  Oxoniensis,  should  read  Oxonienses. 
87,  Edward  Hawkins,  should  read  Edward  Watkins. 
103,  St.  Jingo,  should  read  St.  Inigo. 


RETURN     CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT 

202  Main  Library 


LOAN  PERIOD  1 
HOME  USE 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 


DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 


OCT091987 


ENT  ON  ILL 


s        f 

AHK  Z  U  iuui 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
FORM  NO.  DD6,  60m,  I  783  BERKELEY,  CA  94720 

®s 


